2011年6月29日星期三

What Is Forensic Psychology?

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Forensic psychology is a branch of applied psychology that deals with the legal process and justice system. Any psychological service provided for the legal community can be considered to be forensic psychology. A forensic psychologist may be required to play a clinical role or a forensic role, or both. Most forensic psychologists focus on applying psychological research to the principles of the justice system.Forensic psychology deals with the psychological aspects of a crime or civil action. It is concerned with collecting, examining, and presenting evidence to help facilitate a legal decision. Within the legal system, forensic psychology provides a means for being able to enforce the law while taking human behavior into consideration. A forensic psychologist may be called upon to differentiate between criminal behavior and human behavior that may be caused by a psychological imbalance. It is imperative that forensic psychologists must be good clinical psychologists. Clinical psychologists assess and treat patients with mental disorders. Forensic psychologists must interact with individuals presenting mental health disorders within the legal context. Both civil and criminal cases can be considered by a forensic psychologist.Within the justice system, there are many areas where forensic psychology is utilized and forensic psychologists are employed. Correctional services, including prisons and jails; psychiatric hospitals; law enforcement agencies; community mental health centers; and juvenile detention centers are just some of the areas where forensic psychology is used. Within these settings, there are numerous different roles that are performed by the forensic psychologist. Many people confuse forensic psychology with forensic science. While they are similar fields, there are a few very specific differences between the two. The key difference is the fact that forensic psychology is used to analyze all the psychological perspectives, rather than physical evidence. A forensic psychologist also deals with many legal issues, which are essential elements to the understanding of the criminal behavior. The specialized knowledge of a forensic psychologist can be called upon for a variety of reasons, including treating offenders who are mentally ill, consulting on jury selection, and analyzing a criminal’s behavior, mind, and motive. Forensic psychologists have an expert knowledge of both the law and clinical psychology methods. A forensic psychologist is expected to keep up-to-date not only on psychological treatments, but also on legal issues such as new and updated laws and policies.

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What Is Garde Manger?

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Presenting cold foods in a fine restaurant is the job of the chef garde manger. French for keeper of the food, a garde manger is responsible for preparing cold foods such as salads, cold soups, and hors d'oeuvres. Typically an entry level cook position in most restaurants, this pantry supervisor station is often the most demanding job in a kitchen. Preparing for an impressive food presentation is something that a garde manger should excel at. He or she must be able to season food accurately and creatively, requiring a keen knowledge of cold foods. Some people in this position may even be required to season cold foods prior to being cooked and served hot as well. The foods that a chef garde manger is responsible for can vary by restaurant. In addition to standard cold foods, such as salads, hors d'oeuvres, and soups, he or she will often be in charge of plating artful desserts. Cold buffet items, charcuterie, decorative dishes, pates, aspics, and any other dish prepared or served cool are typically handled by this chef. Cold food preparation, however, is not the sole duty of the garde manger. He or she may create centerpieces, which are typically edible, for fine dining experiences. These may be made from cheese, ice, tallow, fruits, vegetables, salt dough, cake, butter, or any other malleable foodstuffs. Attention to detail is key in this position. The garde manger must maintain strict sanitation, optimal flavor, accurate recipes, and ingenious styles to ensure the best meal possible for every plate. In preparation for this position, a fledgling chef should have a strong background in all forms of preparing food, including searing, molding, pureeing, seasoning, smoking, poaching, marinating, carving, and any other method used in cooking. To prepare food for a patron or critic, this chef must ensure that the final plate is not only a delicious dish, but also a work of art. He or she must wipe off any excess drippings off the dish's edges, as well as arrange each component, from the heart of the dish to its smallest garnish, as artfully as possible. Creative table arrangements are also sometimes executed by this chef. The pantry reserved for storing cold dishes itself is also referred to a garde manger. This area, usually found in a large restaurant or hotel, should be very cool and clean, with plenty of circulation. Garde Manger is also the name of a Montreal restaurant known for its seafood platters.

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What Is a House Officer?

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A house officer is a trainee doctor, under the system of medical education used in the United Kingdom. House officers have completed medical school, passed their exams, and taken degrees. They practice medicine under the supervision of attending doctors and will go on to pursue training in medical specialties before developing their own medical practices. The house officer is equivalent to the medical resident used in other systems for training medical providers.To become a house officer, doctors must successfully complete medical school and apply into training programs. Once admitted, they are allowed increasing degrees of responsibility in patient care as they acquire clinical skills. Initially, house officers are usually closely supervised by attending doctors to make sure they are comfortable with providing medical care. Over time, they are given more opportunities for medical practice. This system for medical training is very ancient. In medical school, people are provided with clinical practice opportunities along with foundational classroom training in topics ranging from medical ethics to anatomy. As a house officer, people have an opportunity to put their skills into practice and to develop new skills as they work with patients. House officers often work long hours and face a variety of medical challenges. The work requires people to adapt and respond quickly to an assortment of situations, and trainees are constantly put on the spot by supervisors, asked to demonstrate clinical skills, answer questions, or provide input on patient care. This dynamic approach to medical education is intended to force people to develop critical thinking skills along with clinical abilities, and it can sometimes be stressful for junior doctors, especially when they are first starting out. Mentors like attendings, experienced nurses, and other house officers are critical to survival in medical training programs. Patients are sometimes concerned about the quality of care they will receive from a house officer, preferring more experienced attending physicians and surgeons. Numerous steps are taken to reduce the risks of medical errors while receiving care from doctors in training, including limiting working hours for trainees, using supervision for difficult cases, and encouraging doctors to consult mentors as they encounter questions and problems. Patients are also provided with an opportunity for informed consent and may choose to decline care from a house officer, either by attending a facility that is not a teaching hospital or requesting the services of an attending at a medical facility where junior doctors are permitted to practice.

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我國家電業內需增長強勁 出口回升明顯

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從近期公布的統計數據來看,今年三季度,家用電力器具行業和家用視聽行業銷售增長仍然維持在較高水平。

內銷方面,2010年1至8月家電行業實現銷售總額2267億元,同比增長27.7%。家電下鄉、以舊換新等刺激內需的政策繼續發揮效用,預計以舊換新政策在全國推廣后效果將更彰顯。

家用電力器具行業1至7月累計出口228.5億美元,同比增長26.2%,已恢復到2008年同期水平(2008年1至7月出口220.4億美元)。家用視聽設備行業17月累計出口產值1205億元,同比增長32.2%。出口的快速增長和發達國家經濟逐漸恢復、需求回暖有關。由于去年基數較低,預計下半年整個家電行業出口勢頭將持續保持。

分產品來看,根據產業在線的統計,8月家用空調銷量739萬臺,同比增長高達81%。今年炎熱天氣來得較遲,但氣溫高范圍廣,空調銷售旺季后延,目前空調仍然銷售旺盛。1至8月累計銷量6648萬臺,同比增長42%,已超過去年全年的銷售量(6587萬臺)。空調家電下鄉8月銷售額31.4億元,拉動了空調內銷。1至8月空調累計內銷3434萬臺,同比增長35.5%。1至8月累計出口3214萬臺,同比增長51%。全球天氣升溫拉動了對空調的需求,隨著全球經濟逐步回暖,預計近幾個月出口仍將持續拉動銷量增長。

1至8月,冰箱累計實現銷售4946萬臺,同比增長29.4%。由于去年同期基數特別高,近幾個月單月銷量同比增速有所下降,但仍維持在10%以上。1至8月冰箱內銷3642萬臺,同比增長31.1%。內銷快速增長主要受家電下鄉拉動。8月冰箱下鄉實現銷售額68.6億元,同比增長86%。近幾年我國農村正處于冰箱的快速普及期,預計家電下鄉及農村市場將持續拉動冰箱國內需求。

1至8月洗衣機累計實現銷售3068萬臺,同比增長26.1%。洗衣機增速雖不如空調和冰箱,但由于洗衣機增長相對平穩,前8個月的增長仍屬較快水平。1至8月洗衣機內銷2006萬臺,同比增長20.6%。

8月,內銷取代出口成為洗衣機銷量增長的主要來源。內銷快速增長,主要受家電下鄉和以舊換新的政策拉動,分別啟動農村普及和城鎮更新換代兩大市場。由于城鎮市場處于洗衣機的更新換代期,同時滾筒洗衣機價格明顯下滑,以舊換新政策實施范圍擴大后,預計洗衣機更新需求將增加。

液晶電視1至8月累計銷量5054萬臺,同比增長43.6%。銷量累計增速較高,但近幾個月增速逐步下滑,從年初的100%下滑到20%左右。同時外資品牌2010年以來價格下降明顯,沖擊了內資品牌的市場占有率。

往后看,預計隨著以舊換新的推廣,四季度內銷表現將有提升。同時隨著國內液晶電視產業鏈的逐步完善,LCD電視生產將繼續向中國轉移,出口將繼續增長。國慶期間外資品牌降價較少,內資品牌占據主動,同時近期液晶面板價格穩步下滑,為整機降價提供空間。

我們對家電四季度整體增長持樂觀態度,出口繼續增長基本無疑,變數主要在家電內需。我們認為,以舊換新政策推廣后,經過三季度的政策啟動期,四季度將對家電需求有較大的拉動。房地產調控對家電需求的影響將逐步顯現,但影響不會太大,保障房建設的加速推進將減緩商品房調控的沖擊。


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威脅自身業務 谷歌TV遭美電視行業冷遇

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北京時間8月18日早間消息,據國外媒體報道,谷歌正發起活動,以尋求美國各大電視網對谷歌TV服務的支持,然而大部分媒體公司均對這款有可能威脅自身業務的服務態度冷淡。

谷歌TV服務能幫助用戶通過電視機和機頂盒查看并搜索有線電視、衛星電視和網絡節目。首款集成該服務的產品由索尼和羅技共同推出,將于今年秋季面市。

知情人士稱,近幾周,谷歌已經與美國廣播公司(ABC)、哥倫比亞廣播公司(CBS)、福克斯和美國全國廣播公司(NBC)的高管舉行會談,鼓勵他們使用谷歌的服務。然而,這些內容所有者對谷歌的業務模式表示懷疑。

知情人士表示,谷歌高管希望,內容所有者能夠分享他們視頻網站的數據,使谷歌能夠搜索并播放這些視頻。例如,當用戶搜索ABC的電視劇《瘋狂的主婦》時,谷歌TV將給出該電視劇的播放時間,同時列出相關的網絡視頻。從谷歌的角度來看,獲得的數據越多,這一搜索功能就越強大。

蘋果、微軟和其他一些公司已經提供多種方式,使用戶通過硬件設備在電視機上觀看電視劇和電影等內容。然而,谷歌TV將走得更遠。谷歌這款軟件希望能夠播放網絡上任何視頻,包括YouTube視頻和媒體公司發布的完整長度電視劇。因此一些媒體公司擔心,這將導致他們的內容被大量的互聯網內容,包括盜版內容淹沒。

谷歌的做法也引起了媒體公司的反擊。一些媒體公司正在討論是否應采取措施封殺通過某些硬件觀看網絡視頻,而這在技術上是可行的。

此外,谷歌還需要說服內容所有者對視頻進行調整,使視頻適應較大的屏幕。知情人士稱,谷歌希望電視公司重新設計網站,使這些網站在電視機屏幕上看起來更好,例如提供更大的視頻尺寸,以及更少的文字。

CBS互動高級副總裁安東尼蘇霍(AnthonySoohoo)表示,CBS有興趣與能提升內容價值的潛在合作伙伴一同探索市場機會,而下一步的關鍵是理解谷歌該產品的業務模式,以及該產品將如何處理與CBS等內容所有者的關系。

谷歌一名發言人則表示,谷歌很高興幫助合作伙伴通過網絡接觸到更多用戶。知情人士表示,谷歌高管目前尚未指出該服務的業務模式,谷歌更傾向于等待更多用戶使用該服務。

知情人士稱,谷歌接觸的媒體公司包括維亞康姆、華爾特迪斯尼、NBC環球和新聞集團。谷歌于5月份宣布推出谷歌TV。隨著互聯網搜索業務的成熟,谷歌已開始瞄準價值700億美元的美國電視廣告市場。





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3D電視日本銷售慘淡:僅占平板電視銷量1%

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日本幾大電器廠商正在2010年是3D電視元年的聲浪中加緊開發、出售最新技術的3D電視。

一部美國3D電影《阿凡達》帶給全球觀眾強烈的視覺沖擊,松下、索尼、夏普、東芝等日本電視廠商從中嗅出了巨大的商機,立即趁著這輪3D熱大炒3D電視新概念,并快速實現了從研發、生產到推廣、銷售的連串動作。

相關閱讀:優勢明顯 3D電視下半年進入普及期 很潮很好看 3D電視卻為何叫好不叫座?
3D如何實現?3D電視立體成像原理分析 彩電升級 互聯網電視和3D電視成市場新寵

日本國內四大電器巨頭現已全數涉足3D電視領域。松下公司在4月的銷售中拔得頭籌,率先推出3D電視。索尼公司6月即緊隨其后。7月30日,夏普公司開始發售3D電視機。東芝公司7月28日已宣布,8種型號的高級薄型3D電視8月下旬起將陸續上市。

伴隨著3D電視熱,3D錄像機等多種周邊產品也正相繼問世。

但與電器巨頭們巨大的生產、銷售熱潮相對應的是,即使是最熱衷時尚的日本消費者也反應冷淡。

從至今為止的銷售量上來看,3D電視僅占據了薄板電視銷量的1%左右。據市場調查公司BCN的統計,6月日本市場3D電視的占有率僅為0.8%,7月第三周的這一數據也只有1.4%。

慘淡的銷售業績令各大廠商大跌了一回3D眼鏡。

目前,3D電視普及的瓶頸在于與之相對應的影視光碟資源不足。此外,價格高昂也是一般消費者還難以接受的原因之一。以40英寸3D電視為例,它比同尺寸普通電視的價格要高出70%左右。

但日本各大商家信心未減,一致認為此番對3D電視的推出絕不會成為一時性的短暫潮流。當然,他們也承認,使用專用眼鏡的3D電視要想實現普及,確實難度不小有多少消費者愿意吃飯、喝茶之際看電視時必須帶著一副立體眼鏡呢?

為破解這個難題,東芝公司近期開發出一款21英寸無需眼鏡即可觀看3D影像的顯示器,目前正處在測試階段,還沒有成品銷售。開發商表示,此類產品今后將主要運用到廣告、娛樂設施方面,如街頭的廣告電視屏、游戲廳的游戲機里面。至于能否普及到普通家庭,還真是個未知數。





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3D電視選誰好 認準IPS硬屏是關鍵

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經過了2010年上半年的市場預熱,同時借助電影《阿凡達》、世界杯等事件的推動,3D影像被人們廣為熟知,而在平板電視領域也掀起了一波3D的市場熱潮。目前幾乎所有電視廠商都先后發布了自己旗下的3D電視產品,這其中尤以日韓品牌居多。

值得關注的是,據奧維咨詢最新的調查數據顯示,索尼以48%的3D電視市占率后來居上,暫時坐上頭把交椅。而國內品牌也在加緊3D電視上市的步伐,可以說,下半年中日韓各大家電廠商均已介入,整個3D電視市場競爭會更加激烈。

3D市場前景看好阻力多

元年契機需時日

將來3D技術發展到最后都是以裸眼方式觀看的,但目前市場見到的3D電視都需要戴眼鏡來獲得3D效果。眼下,市場上的3D電視均是采用的主動快門式,佩戴主動快門式3D眼鏡,左右眼長時間無法同步觀看所帶來的暈眩和惡心的感受,可不是3D電視最想要帶給消費者的體驗。同時,快門式笨重的眼鏡、充電的后期成本以及眼鏡本身高昂的價格,都是目前快門式3D電視被人詬病的缺陷。

由于受信號接收的影響,在戴著主動快門式眼鏡觀看3D畫面時,對觀看者的觀看位置有一定限制,如果超出了信號接收范圍,眼鏡工作就會間或失效,從而看不到3D圖像。并且,雖然并不建議長時間觀看3D畫面,但是如果眼鏡電池使用不久就供電不足,也會令3D圖像大受影響。如果時刻為充電而分心,肯定會影響觀賞效果和心情。

當然,不管是眼下主流的主動快門式還是以后可能會興起的偏振光式,決定3D電視性能表現的始終是液晶電視的核心面板技術。隨著3D電視市場的日益成熟,品牌選擇不斷增多,面板就成為了最關鍵的選購指標。

3D定位大尺寸應用領域

IPS硬屏優勢明顯

此外,目前上市的3D電視均為40英寸以上的產品,3D電視也被打上了大尺寸液晶電視的標簽。確實,3D效果在大尺寸畫面下體現更為顯著的身臨其境的觀賞效果,因而大尺寸也是3D電視的主流趨勢。在大尺寸3D電視的應用中,3D畫面呈現的放大效果對屏幕穩固和廣視角均有更高要求,3D畫面更強烈的視覺沖擊給健康護眼增加了壓力,IPS硬屏的結構特點和性能優勢給這一應用提供了更優化的方案。

不可否認,在中日韓各方廠商的一致推廣下,3D電視在2010年勢必得到長足發展。而伴隨著3D標準制定的加速,市場認知度的不斷增加,3D電視也有希望在2011年的終端市場走出一波強勁的上揚線。只有那些掌握核心技術以及核心競爭力的廠商,才能在這激烈的3D影像大戰中,分得一杯羹,獲得長足發展。




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