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A pediatric endocrinologist is a pediatrician, trained specifically in caring for children. These doctors are also endocrinologists, which is a specialty that is most concerned with the endocrine system. It includes things like the thyroid gland, the pituitary gland, and the pancreas, just to name a few. When these two studies are put together, the pediatric endocrinologist becomes a doctor who treats children who have disorders of the endocrine system.The training for this doctor is rigorous. Pediatrics is already a specialty practice, and pediatric endocrinology is a subspecialty. When doctors finish medical school, they must study pediatrics in residence for 3 years. They will need to study endocrinology for 3 more years. This means ten years of education after a person gets a bachelor’s degree, or a total of 14 years training after high school to become a pediatric endocrinologist. There are many different reasons why children could need to see a pediatric endocrinologist. Most kids with Type I Diabetes are under the care of these specialists. Pediatric endocrinologists may also treat children who have faulty thyroid function or other conditions that could affect growth and development. Dysfunction of sexual hormones that leads to early or late puberty or failure of puberty to occur is another area of interest for these doctors. Such doctors may also see patients with short stature, ambiguous genitalia, or with Vitamin D deficiency. Many times the work of the pediatric endocrinologist is to determine what hormones or other elements are missing from the body or present in too great of a supply. Ways to address these deficits or oversupply can be variable. Once things like blood testing determine imbalances, doctors may prescribe medications to address the issue. Sometimes, they also prescribe other treatments like surgery. For instance removal of overlarge thyroid glands could help adequately address hyperthyroidism. The endocrinologist would then help the patient by finding the right supplementation of thyroid hormone to take for life, after surgery. The pediatric endocrinologist typically does not perform surgery, though they may choose to be present during surgeries on their patients, when needed. Mostly this specialty will work out of offices either in conjunction with a larger hospital or they can work privately. These doctors aren’t available in great numbers, people may need a referral to see one, and they might have to travel to get a city where one works. Most often, these doctors will work in association with larger hospitals in urban areas. With this specialty mastered, some doctors could decide to take jobs in education or research and may not see patients.
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2011年6月29日星期三
What is a Loan Officer?
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A loan officer is an employee of a financial institution who reviews applications for loans, and makes the ultimate determination of whether or not the loan will be approved. In the United States, there were 291,000 loan officers in 2004, and small growth of the industry is expected, because computer systems have streamlined the loan application process. Typical places of employment for loan officers include banks and credit unions, and many of them travel as part of their jobs.In addition to reviewing loan paperwork, a loan officer also helps to recruit and educate clients. Most banks promote their lending program, to encourage customers who are already using the bank to take advantage of more services. In a consultation with a loan officer, clients can learn about home loans, business loans, and other loans designed to help people put children through college, purchase new cars, or deal with unexpected expenses. As part of the consulting side of the job, a loan officer is extremely knowledge about loan options. A good loan officer will refer a client to another institution if the client will not be well served by the bank that the loan officer works for. In either case, a loan officer will talk with a client about options for loans, and will help clients understand the terms of a loan. For example, a client may need to offer collateral, a guarantee that a loan will be repaid, if the client has a poor credit history. Once a customer decides to apply for a loan, the loan officer gives the loan applicant paperwork to fill out. Next, the loan officer processes the application, going through the paperwork to ensure that there is no missing information and checking the references on the application. Using a computer is crucial here, as computerized databases can provide the customer's credit history, and other relevant information which will help the loan officer make a decision. If supplemental information is required, the loan officer will contact the client. If a loan is approved, the client will be informed and the money will be transferred to the client. The loan officer will often remain in touch with the client to deal with any problems which may arise. Loan officers can help clients who are having trouble making payments by setting up a graduated payment plan, for example. A loan officer may also assist a customer who needs to make arrangements to service a loan while on a trip. Most areas have no specific regulations pertaining to loan officers. A bachelor's degree in an economics related field is helpful, as is experience in banking and lending. A loan officer must also be highly computer literate, and should be willing to travel to various sites around the region as part of the job. In addition, a loan officer should be friendly, helpful, and committed to customer service and sales. Good natured loan officers ensure repeat business and referrals.
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A loan officer is an employee of a financial institution who reviews applications for loans, and makes the ultimate determination of whether or not the loan will be approved. In the United States, there were 291,000 loan officers in 2004, and small growth of the industry is expected, because computer systems have streamlined the loan application process. Typical places of employment for loan officers include banks and credit unions, and many of them travel as part of their jobs.In addition to reviewing loan paperwork, a loan officer also helps to recruit and educate clients. Most banks promote their lending program, to encourage customers who are already using the bank to take advantage of more services. In a consultation with a loan officer, clients can learn about home loans, business loans, and other loans designed to help people put children through college, purchase new cars, or deal with unexpected expenses. As part of the consulting side of the job, a loan officer is extremely knowledge about loan options. A good loan officer will refer a client to another institution if the client will not be well served by the bank that the loan officer works for. In either case, a loan officer will talk with a client about options for loans, and will help clients understand the terms of a loan. For example, a client may need to offer collateral, a guarantee that a loan will be repaid, if the client has a poor credit history. Once a customer decides to apply for a loan, the loan officer gives the loan applicant paperwork to fill out. Next, the loan officer processes the application, going through the paperwork to ensure that there is no missing information and checking the references on the application. Using a computer is crucial here, as computerized databases can provide the customer's credit history, and other relevant information which will help the loan officer make a decision. If supplemental information is required, the loan officer will contact the client. If a loan is approved, the client will be informed and the money will be transferred to the client. The loan officer will often remain in touch with the client to deal with any problems which may arise. Loan officers can help clients who are having trouble making payments by setting up a graduated payment plan, for example. A loan officer may also assist a customer who needs to make arrangements to service a loan while on a trip. Most areas have no specific regulations pertaining to loan officers. A bachelor's degree in an economics related field is helpful, as is experience in banking and lending. A loan officer must also be highly computer literate, and should be willing to travel to various sites around the region as part of the job. In addition, a loan officer should be friendly, helpful, and committed to customer service and sales. Good natured loan officers ensure repeat business and referrals.
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What is a Correspondence Course?
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A correspondence course is a form of education known as distance learning. The typical correspondence course involves the exchange of teaching materials between a student and teacher geographically remote from each other. The student obtains a textbook locally, and lesson plans, lecture notes and problem sets are sent by the instructor to the student. The student sends completed assignments back to the instructor for grading, and exams are administered by a proctor local to the student. Traditionally, a correspondence course could work no faster than the mail system. With improvements in technology, communication has become virtually instantaneous. Lecture notes and problem sets can be distributed by email or posted on a web site. Even textbooks can be distributed in electronic form as PDF files. A correspondence course is not limited to any specific level of education. While high school completion programs, such as the GED, may be the most familiar form of distance learning, the earliest use was actually at the university level. This began in the United Kingdom, which needed a way to educate its own people despite having an empire spanning the entire globe. To this day, very prestigious programs such as that of the London School of Economics are available to anybody, anywhere, at reasonable cost as a correspondence course. These courses are taught and graded to the same high standard as the resident versions. Some educators have suggested that more and more individuals will learn through a correspondence course in the future. As technology makes remote communication increasingly personal through instant messaging, voice and video chats, the need to be in the same room as an instructor decreases. Futurists have envisioned a time when the classroom becomes virtualized into cyberspace, allowing top-flight instructors to reach many more students than they otherwise could. A high school correspondence course will generally be administered at the state or provincial level, whereas a university level correspondence course will be administered by the university itself or a union of universities. The largest such institution in the world is The Open University in the United Kingdom. The Open University offers correspondence courses leading to degrees from such prestigious institutions as the University of London and Imperial College. More recently, Universitas 21 Global, a partnership between a number of leading international universities and Thompson Learning, was created to provide a global MBA program. Students interested in a correspondence course must take care to verify the accreditation of the program. Particularly in the United States, so-called diploma mills are notorious for offering low-quality courses leading to unrecognized degrees.
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A correspondence course is a form of education known as distance learning. The typical correspondence course involves the exchange of teaching materials between a student and teacher geographically remote from each other. The student obtains a textbook locally, and lesson plans, lecture notes and problem sets are sent by the instructor to the student. The student sends completed assignments back to the instructor for grading, and exams are administered by a proctor local to the student. Traditionally, a correspondence course could work no faster than the mail system. With improvements in technology, communication has become virtually instantaneous. Lecture notes and problem sets can be distributed by email or posted on a web site. Even textbooks can be distributed in electronic form as PDF files. A correspondence course is not limited to any specific level of education. While high school completion programs, such as the GED, may be the most familiar form of distance learning, the earliest use was actually at the university level. This began in the United Kingdom, which needed a way to educate its own people despite having an empire spanning the entire globe. To this day, very prestigious programs such as that of the London School of Economics are available to anybody, anywhere, at reasonable cost as a correspondence course. These courses are taught and graded to the same high standard as the resident versions. Some educators have suggested that more and more individuals will learn through a correspondence course in the future. As technology makes remote communication increasingly personal through instant messaging, voice and video chats, the need to be in the same room as an instructor decreases. Futurists have envisioned a time when the classroom becomes virtualized into cyberspace, allowing top-flight instructors to reach many more students than they otherwise could. A high school correspondence course will generally be administered at the state or provincial level, whereas a university level correspondence course will be administered by the university itself or a union of universities. The largest such institution in the world is The Open University in the United Kingdom. The Open University offers correspondence courses leading to degrees from such prestigious institutions as the University of London and Imperial College. More recently, Universitas 21 Global, a partnership between a number of leading international universities and Thompson Learning, was created to provide a global MBA program. Students interested in a correspondence course must take care to verify the accreditation of the program. Particularly in the United States, so-called diploma mills are notorious for offering low-quality courses leading to unrecognized degrees.
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我國會展業政治功能的研究與思考
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一、我國會展業的政治功能及其類型 隨著現代會展業的發展，其功能也從原來簡單的市場交換，逐步延伸到其他各個方面，包括經濟功能、政治功能、社會功能、科技功能、教育功能等。 所謂會展政治功能，是指會展為一定的政治目的服務，宣揚一定的政治主張與觀點。現代會展自誕生以來，就與政治之間存在著千絲萬縷的聯系。雖然會展與政治有緊密聯系，但并非所有的會展活動都具有政治功能。特別是在西方市場化國家和地區，除政治性會議外，會展活動更多地體現出其自身所特有的經濟特性，目的是帶來良好的經濟效益。即便是舉辦大型紀念或慶祝活動，也都帶有濃厚的商業色彩，會展的市場化程度很高。但在我國現行政治體制和經濟體制下，政府在會展中占據主導地位等因素，使得會展與政治之間的聯系更加密切。因此，我國目前的會展活動或多或少具有一定的政治功能。為了便于分析，我們根據展會的內容和形式，簡單地把我國具有政治功能的會展分為3類。 1．政治性會展。主要是指那些純粹以政治為主題或是帶有政治題材的，并以獲取政治利益為主要目的的會展活動。這類政治性會展包括政治成果展、政黨集會、英模報告會等，其政治功能顯而易見。目前國際會展大部分是科學和商業性的，與政治等方面關系不大，但在我國政治性會展所占比例稍高一些。 2．公益性會展。主要是指大型體育活動、大型紀念和慶祝活動，其主要目的在于獲取特定領域的效益并能帶來良好的社會效益。大型紀念和慶祝活動包括國慶慶典、紀念抗戰勝利活動等，其目的在于獲取政治效益。大型體育活動包括奧運會、全運會等，由于它具有廣泛的影響，吸引全球的注意力，盡管活動本身排斥政治，但一定程度上也受到政治的影響。 3．商業性會展。主要目的是獲取經濟效益并兼顧社會效益。之所以說其具有政治功能，主要是因為我國不少商業性會展，多有政府的參與和介入。由于我國地方政府和中央政府部門在會展活動中扮演了極為重要的角色，商業性會展活動中的種種政府行為，反映出其政治功能的作用。因此，具有很強政治功能的商業性會展是我們研究分析的重點。 二、我國會展業的發展階段與政治功能的變遷 我國會展業的發展深刻記錄著我國政治和經濟的變遷。回顧新中國會展業的發展里程，大致可劃分為三個階段，即起步階段、發展階段和提升階段。在這三個階段，會展政治功能表現出不同的特點。 1、起步階段：政治功能強勢主導。從上世紀50年代到70年代是我國會展的起步階段。從國內舉辦的展會看，在計劃經濟條件下，生產產品都靠計劃調撥，重大節日舉辦的展銷會，以及在一些鄉鎮以集市貿易形式組織的物質交流會，其真正目的也不時推銷商品和貿易，而在于宣傳經濟建設的成就和大好形勢，主要是為政治提供服務。從出展業發展情況看，我國出展業在配合新中國政府的外交政策，促進同世界各國人民的友誼，沖破西方國家對我國的政治孤立和經濟封鎖，宣傳新中國的經濟建設成就等方面發揮了獨特的歷史作用。因此，當時的會展具有較強的政治性，政治功能居于主導地位。 2．發展階段：政治功能有所弱化。從上個世紀80年代到90年代是我國會展的發展階段。在這一階段，隨著改革開放的深入和市場經濟的發展，我國會展受到各方關注，發展的宏觀環境極為有利，會展業以年均近20%的速度遞增。展覽會的主辦單位已發展到200多家，從單一的政府或具有政府背景的部門主辦發展到政府、商協會、外貿公司、專業展覽公司、中外合資展覽公司、外資展覽公司等多元主體舉辦的新格局。與此同時，出國展覽也發生了重大的變革。采取了以展覽為手段，以貿易成交和銷售為主要目的，展覽的貿易性、專業性大大增強，我國展覽業開始與國際展覽業接軌。真正具有商貿意義的會展業得以蓬勃發展，會展的政治性特征逐步淡化。 3．提升階段：政治功能趨向多元。隨著我國市場經濟體制的進一步完善，特別是我國加入世貿組織，我國會展業在形成一定規模后，進入了市場競爭時期。展覽業向大型化、專業化蓬勃發展。在這一階段，我國會展在法制化、市場化、國際化、信息化方面都邁出新的步伐，其政治功能也發生了相應的變化。在政府的強勢介入下，一些大型重要展會為政治服務的目的更加明確，國家戰略意圖也在展會中從不同側面得以體現。一是通過會展塑造國家形象。二是通過會展加強國際合作。三是通過會展化解政治分歧。特別是在發展海峽兩岸關系上，通過舉辦各類涉臺研討會、展覽會、洽談會，力求達到“以民促官”、“經濟促政治”的目的。 雖然與發達國家相比,中國會展業整整落后了一個世紀。但隨著上世紀80年代中國經濟的崛起,我國會展業便進入了快速發展的軌道。中國會展業僅用20年便走過了發達國家100年的路程。目前,我國已基本形成了以北京、上海、廣州、大連、成都、西安、昆明等城市為中心的環渤海、長三角、珠三角、東北以及中西部等五大會展經濟產業帶框架。雖然就其規范性、競爭力、效益水平而言,目前我國會展業與發達國家相比還有很大的差距,但憑借中國經濟強勁的發展勢頭,躋身國際會展中心地區的預期將不會是十分遙遠的事情。因此，我們認為，我國會展業目前正處于不成熟轉向成熟轉型的過程中，市場這只“看不見的手”在會展業發展中的作用將得以充分發揮，會展業將實現新的發展和飛躍。 三、我國政府介入會展業的幾點思考 1．關于政府與企業定位問題。在一個成熟的市場中，會展的發展應當按照市場化、規范化、商業化原則發展，政府直接參與的成分較少，但政府的支持必不可少。很多國家的政府通過間接方式為組織本國企業出國展以及在本國舉辦展覽會提供相關服務與支持。在我國，會展活動特別是展覽會、洽談會，由于會展市場發育不完善，同時政府意識和行為尚不規范，一定程度上使會展市場競爭松散，淘汰退出機制無法形成，尋租現象日增，展會的實效性不強。因此，要正確認識并發揮好政府在會展中的作用。一是加快制定會展業發展規劃，并將提升會展業水平作為商務發展"十一五"規劃的重要內容；二是推動組建各級會展業行業協會，制定“游戲規則”，發揮行業協調自律功能，扶持會展專業公司成為會展業的主角。三是研究制定宏觀調控的政策，對當前客觀存在的多元化利益主體予以確認,并對其利益進行協調和平衡，培育企業成為會展市場的主體；四是在會展審批上，嚴格控制以政府名義舉辦的，動用政府財政資金的那些展覽會，同時放寬對那些純商業性的、屬于企業行為的展覽會的限制。五是對一些商業性會展的內容和性質進行科學、客觀的分析，將其所承載的不必要的政治功能加以剔除。六是對政治性較強的公益性會展，特別是舉辦奧運會、世博會等大型活動，要統籌運作，算好經濟賬。 2．關于政府辦會的市場化運作問題。由于不少帶有政治功能的展會屬于非贏利性的，目前由政府主辦或強勢介入是必要的、合適的，但要遵循市場經濟規律辦會。舉辦會展活動的效益一般應包括三個方面：即主辦者的收益、參展商的商業收益和綜合社會效益。只有按市場化運作，才能使三方面的利益都得到兼顧。因此，有必要推動由政府辦會走市場化運作的路子。一是對政治性不強的一些展會，可以直接通過招投標方式授權中介機構或展覽企業承辦。二是對政治性較強的一些展會，可考慮先成立一個企業化運作的內部承辦機構。政府做為主辦者，可以提出對展會的總體要求，然后由承辦機構提出實現這個要求的承辦方案。三是由政府部門直接承辦的展會，可考慮盡可能將活動籌劃、宣傳推介、項目包裝等工作“外包”給專業公司承接。四是對那些完全具備市場化運作條件的展會， 政府應該徹底退出。 3．關于政府辦會的實效性問題。國內多數的博覽會、洽談會、招商會等活動，目前對辦會能吸引多少客商、取得多少實效考慮不多。但在一定程度上反映了招商引資成本的增加和綜合效益的下降。為提高政府辦會實效性，一是政府在辦會時要切實圍繞提高實效，完善展會的功能設計。二是加強對政府辦會的績效考核，可考慮委托專業公司對展會進行評估，提出改進意見。三是加強對有效客商的邀請。四是加強對展會的統計調查工作，摸清情況，核實成果，指導工作。五是運用網絡技術發展網上交易，構建在線展會，降低成本，提高效率，擴大了會展的覆蓋面和影響力。 4．關于政府辦會借鑒國外經驗問題。經過百余年的探索和發展，國外一些知名展會積累了許多成功經驗,值得各地政府在舉辦各類展會時加以學習借鑒。這些經驗大致可歸納為：一是注重形成相對穩定的辦會模式，籍以實現舉辦效果的最大化。采用相對穩定辦會模式，并因此使具體操作方式程序化，日漸形成穩定的辦會資源，逐步擴大參會群體規模，提高辦會實效。二是注重圍繞核心主題，培育形成各自鮮明特色。三是注重完善服務功能，提供展前、展中、展后全過程的優質服務。展會的競爭，服務制勝是根本。以過硬的服務優勢促進展會的發展壯大已成為一個發展趨勢。四是注重展覽和會議結合，豐富展會活動內涵。五是注重運用現代科學技術，提高信息化管理水平和服務能力。六是注重全方位宣傳推介，擴大影響面和吸引力。七是注重建立目標觀眾群，鞏固和發展展覽會舉辦的基礎資源。八是注重品牌塑造，不斷致力于發揮品牌效應。應該看到，這些成功經驗主要源于國外的“民辦”展會，不能完全照搬，而要根據政府辦展的特點和條件，有鑒別地加以采納、吸收。
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一、我國會展業的政治功能及其類型 隨著現代會展業的發展，其功能也從原來簡單的市場交換，逐步延伸到其他各個方面，包括經濟功能、政治功能、社會功能、科技功能、教育功能等。 所謂會展政治功能，是指會展為一定的政治目的服務，宣揚一定的政治主張與觀點。現代會展自誕生以來，就與政治之間存在著千絲萬縷的聯系。雖然會展與政治有緊密聯系，但并非所有的會展活動都具有政治功能。特別是在西方市場化國家和地區，除政治性會議外，會展活動更多地體現出其自身所特有的經濟特性，目的是帶來良好的經濟效益。即便是舉辦大型紀念或慶祝活動，也都帶有濃厚的商業色彩，會展的市場化程度很高。但在我國現行政治體制和經濟體制下，政府在會展中占據主導地位等因素，使得會展與政治之間的聯系更加密切。因此，我國目前的會展活動或多或少具有一定的政治功能。為了便于分析，我們根據展會的內容和形式，簡單地把我國具有政治功能的會展分為3類。 1．政治性會展。主要是指那些純粹以政治為主題或是帶有政治題材的，并以獲取政治利益為主要目的的會展活動。這類政治性會展包括政治成果展、政黨集會、英模報告會等，其政治功能顯而易見。目前國際會展大部分是科學和商業性的，與政治等方面關系不大，但在我國政治性會展所占比例稍高一些。 2．公益性會展。主要是指大型體育活動、大型紀念和慶祝活動，其主要目的在于獲取特定領域的效益并能帶來良好的社會效益。大型紀念和慶祝活動包括國慶慶典、紀念抗戰勝利活動等，其目的在于獲取政治效益。大型體育活動包括奧運會、全運會等，由于它具有廣泛的影響，吸引全球的注意力，盡管活動本身排斥政治，但一定程度上也受到政治的影響。 3．商業性會展。主要目的是獲取經濟效益并兼顧社會效益。之所以說其具有政治功能，主要是因為我國不少商業性會展，多有政府的參與和介入。由于我國地方政府和中央政府部門在會展活動中扮演了極為重要的角色，商業性會展活動中的種種政府行為，反映出其政治功能的作用。因此，具有很強政治功能的商業性會展是我們研究分析的重點。 二、我國會展業的發展階段與政治功能的變遷 我國會展業的發展深刻記錄著我國政治和經濟的變遷。回顧新中國會展業的發展里程，大致可劃分為三個階段，即起步階段、發展階段和提升階段。在這三個階段，會展政治功能表現出不同的特點。 1、起步階段：政治功能強勢主導。從上世紀50年代到70年代是我國會展的起步階段。從國內舉辦的展會看，在計劃經濟條件下，生產產品都靠計劃調撥，重大節日舉辦的展銷會，以及在一些鄉鎮以集市貿易形式組織的物質交流會，其真正目的也不時推銷商品和貿易，而在于宣傳經濟建設的成就和大好形勢，主要是為政治提供服務。從出展業發展情況看，我國出展業在配合新中國政府的外交政策，促進同世界各國人民的友誼，沖破西方國家對我國的政治孤立和經濟封鎖，宣傳新中國的經濟建設成就等方面發揮了獨特的歷史作用。因此，當時的會展具有較強的政治性，政治功能居于主導地位。 2．發展階段：政治功能有所弱化。從上個世紀80年代到90年代是我國會展的發展階段。在這一階段，隨著改革開放的深入和市場經濟的發展，我國會展受到各方關注，發展的宏觀環境極為有利，會展業以年均近20%的速度遞增。展覽會的主辦單位已發展到200多家，從單一的政府或具有政府背景的部門主辦發展到政府、商協會、外貿公司、專業展覽公司、中外合資展覽公司、外資展覽公司等多元主體舉辦的新格局。與此同時，出國展覽也發生了重大的變革。采取了以展覽為手段，以貿易成交和銷售為主要目的，展覽的貿易性、專業性大大增強，我國展覽業開始與國際展覽業接軌。真正具有商貿意義的會展業得以蓬勃發展，會展的政治性特征逐步淡化。 3．提升階段：政治功能趨向多元。隨著我國市場經濟體制的進一步完善，特別是我國加入世貿組織，我國會展業在形成一定規模后，進入了市場競爭時期。展覽業向大型化、專業化蓬勃發展。在這一階段，我國會展在法制化、市場化、國際化、信息化方面都邁出新的步伐，其政治功能也發生了相應的變化。在政府的強勢介入下，一些大型重要展會為政治服務的目的更加明確，國家戰略意圖也在展會中從不同側面得以體現。一是通過會展塑造國家形象。二是通過會展加強國際合作。三是通過會展化解政治分歧。特別是在發展海峽兩岸關系上，通過舉辦各類涉臺研討會、展覽會、洽談會，力求達到“以民促官”、“經濟促政治”的目的。 雖然與發達國家相比,中國會展業整整落后了一個世紀。但隨著上世紀80年代中國經濟的崛起,我國會展業便進入了快速發展的軌道。中國會展業僅用20年便走過了發達國家100年的路程。目前,我國已基本形成了以北京、上海、廣州、大連、成都、西安、昆明等城市為中心的環渤海、長三角、珠三角、東北以及中西部等五大會展經濟產業帶框架。雖然就其規范性、競爭力、效益水平而言,目前我國會展業與發達國家相比還有很大的差距,但憑借中國經濟強勁的發展勢頭,躋身國際會展中心地區的預期將不會是十分遙遠的事情。因此，我們認為，我國會展業目前正處于不成熟轉向成熟轉型的過程中，市場這只“看不見的手”在會展業發展中的作用將得以充分發揮，會展業將實現新的發展和飛躍。 三、我國政府介入會展業的幾點思考 1．關于政府與企業定位問題。在一個成熟的市場中，會展的發展應當按照市場化、規范化、商業化原則發展，政府直接參與的成分較少，但政府的支持必不可少。很多國家的政府通過間接方式為組織本國企業出國展以及在本國舉辦展覽會提供相關服務與支持。在我國，會展活動特別是展覽會、洽談會，由于會展市場發育不完善，同時政府意識和行為尚不規范，一定程度上使會展市場競爭松散，淘汰退出機制無法形成，尋租現象日增，展會的實效性不強。因此，要正確認識并發揮好政府在會展中的作用。一是加快制定會展業發展規劃，并將提升會展業水平作為商務發展"十一五"規劃的重要內容；二是推動組建各級會展業行業協會，制定“游戲規則”，發揮行業協調自律功能，扶持會展專業公司成為會展業的主角。三是研究制定宏觀調控的政策，對當前客觀存在的多元化利益主體予以確認,并對其利益進行協調和平衡，培育企業成為會展市場的主體；四是在會展審批上，嚴格控制以政府名義舉辦的，動用政府財政資金的那些展覽會，同時放寬對那些純商業性的、屬于企業行為的展覽會的限制。五是對一些商業性會展的內容和性質進行科學、客觀的分析，將其所承載的不必要的政治功能加以剔除。六是對政治性較強的公益性會展，特別是舉辦奧運會、世博會等大型活動，要統籌運作，算好經濟賬。 2．關于政府辦會的市場化運作問題。由于不少帶有政治功能的展會屬于非贏利性的，目前由政府主辦或強勢介入是必要的、合適的，但要遵循市場經濟規律辦會。舉辦會展活動的效益一般應包括三個方面：即主辦者的收益、參展商的商業收益和綜合社會效益。只有按市場化運作，才能使三方面的利益都得到兼顧。因此，有必要推動由政府辦會走市場化運作的路子。一是對政治性不強的一些展會，可以直接通過招投標方式授權中介機構或展覽企業承辦。二是對政治性較強的一些展會，可考慮先成立一個企業化運作的內部承辦機構。政府做為主辦者，可以提出對展會的總體要求，然后由承辦機構提出實現這個要求的承辦方案。三是由政府部門直接承辦的展會，可考慮盡可能將活動籌劃、宣傳推介、項目包裝等工作“外包”給專業公司承接。四是對那些完全具備市場化運作條件的展會， 政府應該徹底退出。 3．關于政府辦會的實效性問題。國內多數的博覽會、洽談會、招商會等活動，目前對辦會能吸引多少客商、取得多少實效考慮不多。但在一定程度上反映了招商引資成本的增加和綜合效益的下降。為提高政府辦會實效性，一是政府在辦會時要切實圍繞提高實效，完善展會的功能設計。二是加強對政府辦會的績效考核，可考慮委托專業公司對展會進行評估，提出改進意見。三是加強對有效客商的邀請。四是加強對展會的統計調查工作，摸清情況，核實成果，指導工作。五是運用網絡技術發展網上交易，構建在線展會，降低成本，提高效率，擴大了會展的覆蓋面和影響力。 4．關于政府辦會借鑒國外經驗問題。經過百余年的探索和發展，國外一些知名展會積累了許多成功經驗,值得各地政府在舉辦各類展會時加以學習借鑒。這些經驗大致可歸納為：一是注重形成相對穩定的辦會模式，籍以實現舉辦效果的最大化。采用相對穩定辦會模式，并因此使具體操作方式程序化，日漸形成穩定的辦會資源，逐步擴大參會群體規模，提高辦會實效。二是注重圍繞核心主題，培育形成各自鮮明特色。三是注重完善服務功能，提供展前、展中、展后全過程的優質服務。展會的競爭，服務制勝是根本。以過硬的服務優勢促進展會的發展壯大已成為一個發展趨勢。四是注重展覽和會議結合，豐富展會活動內涵。五是注重運用現代科學技術，提高信息化管理水平和服務能力。六是注重全方位宣傳推介，擴大影響面和吸引力。七是注重建立目標觀眾群，鞏固和發展展覽會舉辦的基礎資源。八是注重品牌塑造，不斷致力于發揮品牌效應。應該看到，這些成功經驗主要源于國外的“民辦”展會，不能完全照搬，而要根據政府辦展的特點和條件，有鑒別地加以采納、吸收。
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為進一步規范和培育會展業市場，營造良好的會展環境，促進會展經濟健康有序發展，現結合我市實際情況，提出如下意見： 一、發展會展經濟是我市經濟新的重要增長點 （一）會展經濟是一種新型經濟形式和新興產業，是通過舉辦各種形式的會議和展覽、展銷，帶來直接或間接的經濟效益和社會效益的經濟活動，對社會經濟具有拉動效應。會展活動不僅能夠匯聚巨大的信息流、技術流、貿易流和人才流，在擴大商品貿易、技術引進、吸引投資、發展高新技術產業、促進國內外經濟合作與交流等方面發揮重要作用，而且能充分展示西安的城市形象，提升城市知名度，增加就業機會，對人們的思想觀念、精神面貌等綜合素質的提高和社會文明進步有積極的促進作用。會展經濟能夠促進培育新興產業群，它不僅可以帶動我市旅游、餐飲、住宿、交通、購物、廣告等相關產業的發展，而且可以促進我市工業的振興，形成旅游、科技、商貿、工業與會展互動、共興的發展態勢，成為我市新的經濟增長點。 （二）發展會展經濟，西安大有作為。我市是舉世聞名的世界歷史文化名城和國際旅游城市，是我國重要的科學研究、高等教育和高新技術產業基地，具有連接東西、貫通南北的區位優勢，能夠發揮輻射、集群效應，具備發展會展經濟的有利條件。近年來，我市會展業發展迅速，展會數量、內容、規模逐年擴大，市場日趨活躍，已經形成了初具規模的會展體系，成為我市經濟發展的新亮點。根據我市“十五”規劃和“建強創佳”的主要任務，要進一步加快發展會展經濟，依托我市科技、旅游、商貿和區位優勢，借助現有產業基礎，培育具有西安特色的以兩大支柱產業和七大優勢行業為基礎的品牌展會，縮小與會展業發達城市的差距，使會展業逐漸成為我市新興的支柱產業。 二、發展會展經濟的指導思想和總體目標 （三）指導思想：以黨的十六大精神為指導，緊密圍繞“建強創佳”的宏偉目標，解放思想，與時俱進，政府主導，市場運作，整合會展資源，規范會展市場，培育品牌展會，壯大會展企業，優化會展環境，以旅游促會展，以會展興旅游，帶動相關產業大發展，加快西安會展業向市場化、專業化、品牌化、國際化發展步伐。 （四）總體目標：從現在起到2010年，以市場運作的方式，積極發展一批實力強的會展公司，實現會展經濟產業化，會展業發展年增速20%，會展業網絡體系健全，會展市場的組織化程度和現代化水平與國際接軌，擴建具有國際水準的大型現代化展覽場館，完善一流的服務配套設施,把我市建成西部最佳會展城市和區域性會展中心。 三、積極培育會展市場主體 （五）專業會展公司是會展市場的主導力量。充分發揮現有會展企業作用，鼓勵興建、組建有規模的展覽集團公司，興辦集展覽裝飾、設計施工、廣告宣傳、展品運輸、服務接待為一體的復合型展覽企業，逐步形成以大型會展企業為龍頭，以中小型會展企業為輔助，各類會展專業服務企業、賓館飯店、旅游服務相配套的會展市場主體體系。加快西安國際展覽中心改制步伐，聯合開發二期工程建設項目,通過出售、入股、參股、轉讓等多種方式，使西安國際展覽中心達到產權多元化，健全法人治理結構，完善現代企業管理制度，提高管理水平，增強競爭實力。 （六）鼓勵企業辦展，培育品牌展會。凡國家部委、有關機構舉辦的在國際國內有影響的大型和專業展會，由市會展管理辦公室按程序審核，報市發展會展業領導小組研究同意，可以西安市人民政府的名義主辦，重點扶持和培育一批與我市產業結構和支柱產業相關的品牌展會。 （七）加大會展人才培訓力度，著力培育一批善經營、會管理、懂法律的知識型會展管理人才和熟悉會展知識、精通市場營銷的業務人員，努力提高從業人員素質，增強企業活力，提升行業整體形象。 四、整頓和規范會展市場秩序 （八）建立會展準入制度。凡在展覽場館舉辦的展覽、展銷等會展活動，統一到西安市會展管理辦公室登記備案。登記備案實行首到制，對同時（5 個工作日內）申報同一內容展會的，通過評審或競標的方式決定舉辦權。 （九）建立約束機制。控制重復辦展，避免無序競爭，營造公平、公開、公正的市場環境。展會名稱使用權實行延續制，但中斷舉辦2年以上的，他人可申請該名稱。 （十）建立資質評定制度。逐步建立會展企業及品牌展會的評定認證體系，按照業績、信譽、規模、社會影響等內容確定資質等級，以資質取代資格。建立展覽會商標注冊體系和品牌認證體系，保護會展業知識產權。 （十一）建立行業運行機制。一是建立會展業服務標準體系，規范會展經營行為，提高會展服務水平；二是建立組展商、服務商、參展商、專業觀眾和消費者的糾紛調解與仲裁體系，維護會展主體和消費者的合法權益，逐步形成符合市場經濟要求的行業運行機制。 （十二）充分發揮會展行業協會作用。加強行業協會建設，規范行業行為，強化行業自律，提高行業整體素質。 （十三）嚴格控制對展會的檢查，禁止對展覽企業亂收費、亂罰款、亂攤派。如確需檢查，由市會展辦統一組織實施。 五、加大會展政策扶持力度 （十四）凡涉及會展申報事宜，由市會展辦牽頭，工商、市政、公安等相關部門主動配合，聯合辦公，在5個工作日內完成登記、核準手續。 （十五）建立會展綠色通道。市會展管理辦公室協調公安、交通、商檢、海關等有關職能部門，盡快建立能使參展商品進入和離開西安的“一證式”快速通道。 （十六）金融機構要把會展企業作為重點信貸支持對象，簡化信貸手續，為會展企業在結算、財務咨詢、投資管理方面提供優質服務。 （十七）凡冠以市政府主辦的展會，展會期間的戶外廣告宣傳，市政部門予以50%的收費優惠。 （十八）發展會展經濟經費納入財政預算，用于支持申辦全國性、國際性大型展會，宣傳西安會展環境，培養會展人才，獎勵有突出貢獻的單位和個人。 （十九）鼓勵申辦國際和國內有影響的展會。凡能申辦國際組織和國家有關部委舉辦的在國際國內有重大影響的綜合性或專業性展會，市會展管理辦公室積極協助申辦，申辦成功后，市政府對申辦者予以10萬元以上獎勵。 （二十）鼓勵國內外投資者來我市創辦展覽企業。凡注冊資金在500萬元以上的新辦展覽企業，自開辦之日起，2年內免征企業所得稅。 六、切實加強領導，強化組織協調 （二十一）建立會展管理協調機制。西安市會展管理辦公室是全市會展業行業主管部門，在市發展會展業領導小組的領導下統一協調、研究、解決會展業發展過程中出現的問題，市級有關職能部門、各區縣應積極配合，保障會展業健康發展。 （二十二）搞好配套服務。會展活動是綜合性經濟活動，物價、旅游、市政、衛生、文物園林、質檢、鐵路、民航、交通、海關、商檢等部門要做好相關協調服務工作，切實解決會展中的實際問題。 （二十三）做好安全保衛工作。會展活動規模大，涉及面廣，參與群眾多，市級各職能部門和主辦（承辦）單位，要提高安全防范意識，每次活動都必須制定安全應急預案。公安、消防等有關部門要切實做好安全防范工作，為會展活動的順利舉行提供可靠的保障。 （二十四）加大新聞宣傳力度。會展經濟是一種新的經濟形態，新聞媒體要大力宣傳會展經濟、會展企業、會展人才,傳播會展信息，營造良好的發展會展經濟的輿論氛圍。 （二十五）本意見從發布之日起實施。
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為進一步規范和培育會展業市場，營造良好的會展環境，促進會展經濟健康有序發展，現結合我市實際情況，提出如下意見： 一、發展會展經濟是我市經濟新的重要增長點 （一）會展經濟是一種新型經濟形式和新興產業，是通過舉辦各種形式的會議和展覽、展銷，帶來直接或間接的經濟效益和社會效益的經濟活動，對社會經濟具有拉動效應。會展活動不僅能夠匯聚巨大的信息流、技術流、貿易流和人才流，在擴大商品貿易、技術引進、吸引投資、發展高新技術產業、促進國內外經濟合作與交流等方面發揮重要作用，而且能充分展示西安的城市形象，提升城市知名度，增加就業機會，對人們的思想觀念、精神面貌等綜合素質的提高和社會文明進步有積極的促進作用。會展經濟能夠促進培育新興產業群，它不僅可以帶動我市旅游、餐飲、住宿、交通、購物、廣告等相關產業的發展，而且可以促進我市工業的振興，形成旅游、科技、商貿、工業與會展互動、共興的發展態勢，成為我市新的經濟增長點。 （二）發展會展經濟，西安大有作為。我市是舉世聞名的世界歷史文化名城和國際旅游城市，是我國重要的科學研究、高等教育和高新技術產業基地，具有連接東西、貫通南北的區位優勢，能夠發揮輻射、集群效應，具備發展會展經濟的有利條件。近年來，我市會展業發展迅速，展會數量、內容、規模逐年擴大，市場日趨活躍，已經形成了初具規模的會展體系，成為我市經濟發展的新亮點。根據我市“十五”規劃和“建強創佳”的主要任務，要進一步加快發展會展經濟，依托我市科技、旅游、商貿和區位優勢，借助現有產業基礎，培育具有西安特色的以兩大支柱產業和七大優勢行業為基礎的品牌展會，縮小與會展業發達城市的差距，使會展業逐漸成為我市新興的支柱產業。 二、發展會展經濟的指導思想和總體目標 （三）指導思想：以黨的十六大精神為指導，緊密圍繞“建強創佳”的宏偉目標，解放思想，與時俱進，政府主導，市場運作，整合會展資源，規范會展市場，培育品牌展會，壯大會展企業，優化會展環境，以旅游促會展，以會展興旅游，帶動相關產業大發展，加快西安會展業向市場化、專業化、品牌化、國際化發展步伐。 （四）總體目標：從現在起到2010年，以市場運作的方式，積極發展一批實力強的會展公司，實現會展經濟產業化，會展業發展年增速20%，會展業網絡體系健全，會展市場的組織化程度和現代化水平與國際接軌，擴建具有國際水準的大型現代化展覽場館，完善一流的服務配套設施,把我市建成西部最佳會展城市和區域性會展中心。 三、積極培育會展市場主體 （五）專業會展公司是會展市場的主導力量。充分發揮現有會展企業作用，鼓勵興建、組建有規模的展覽集團公司，興辦集展覽裝飾、設計施工、廣告宣傳、展品運輸、服務接待為一體的復合型展覽企業，逐步形成以大型會展企業為龍頭，以中小型會展企業為輔助，各類會展專業服務企業、賓館飯店、旅游服務相配套的會展市場主體體系。加快西安國際展覽中心改制步伐，聯合開發二期工程建設項目,通過出售、入股、參股、轉讓等多種方式，使西安國際展覽中心達到產權多元化，健全法人治理結構，完善現代企業管理制度，提高管理水平，增強競爭實力。 （六）鼓勵企業辦展，培育品牌展會。凡國家部委、有關機構舉辦的在國際國內有影響的大型和專業展會，由市會展管理辦公室按程序審核，報市發展會展業領導小組研究同意，可以西安市人民政府的名義主辦，重點扶持和培育一批與我市產業結構和支柱產業相關的品牌展會。 （七）加大會展人才培訓力度，著力培育一批善經營、會管理、懂法律的知識型會展管理人才和熟悉會展知識、精通市場營銷的業務人員，努力提高從業人員素質，增強企業活力，提升行業整體形象。 四、整頓和規范會展市場秩序 （八）建立會展準入制度。凡在展覽場館舉辦的展覽、展銷等會展活動，統一到西安市會展管理辦公室登記備案。登記備案實行首到制，對同時（5 個工作日內）申報同一內容展會的，通過評審或競標的方式決定舉辦權。 （九）建立約束機制。控制重復辦展，避免無序競爭，營造公平、公開、公正的市場環境。展會名稱使用權實行延續制，但中斷舉辦2年以上的，他人可申請該名稱。 （十）建立資質評定制度。逐步建立會展企業及品牌展會的評定認證體系，按照業績、信譽、規模、社會影響等內容確定資質等級，以資質取代資格。建立展覽會商標注冊體系和品牌認證體系，保護會展業知識產權。 （十一）建立行業運行機制。一是建立會展業服務標準體系，規范會展經營行為，提高會展服務水平；二是建立組展商、服務商、參展商、專業觀眾和消費者的糾紛調解與仲裁體系，維護會展主體和消費者的合法權益，逐步形成符合市場經濟要求的行業運行機制。 （十二）充分發揮會展行業協會作用。加強行業協會建設，規范行業行為，強化行業自律，提高行業整體素質。 （十三）嚴格控制對展會的檢查，禁止對展覽企業亂收費、亂罰款、亂攤派。如確需檢查，由市會展辦統一組織實施。 五、加大會展政策扶持力度 （十四）凡涉及會展申報事宜，由市會展辦牽頭，工商、市政、公安等相關部門主動配合，聯合辦公，在5個工作日內完成登記、核準手續。 （十五）建立會展綠色通道。市會展管理辦公室協調公安、交通、商檢、海關等有關職能部門，盡快建立能使參展商品進入和離開西安的“一證式”快速通道。 （十六）金融機構要把會展企業作為重點信貸支持對象，簡化信貸手續，為會展企業在結算、財務咨詢、投資管理方面提供優質服務。 （十七）凡冠以市政府主辦的展會，展會期間的戶外廣告宣傳，市政部門予以50%的收費優惠。 （十八）發展會展經濟經費納入財政預算，用于支持申辦全國性、國際性大型展會，宣傳西安會展環境，培養會展人才，獎勵有突出貢獻的單位和個人。 （十九）鼓勵申辦國際和國內有影響的展會。凡能申辦國際組織和國家有關部委舉辦的在國際國內有重大影響的綜合性或專業性展會，市會展管理辦公室積極協助申辦，申辦成功后，市政府對申辦者予以10萬元以上獎勵。 （二十）鼓勵國內外投資者來我市創辦展覽企業。凡注冊資金在500萬元以上的新辦展覽企業，自開辦之日起，2年內免征企業所得稅。 六、切實加強領導，強化組織協調 （二十一）建立會展管理協調機制。西安市會展管理辦公室是全市會展業行業主管部門，在市發展會展業領導小組的領導下統一協調、研究、解決會展業發展過程中出現的問題，市級有關職能部門、各區縣應積極配合，保障會展業健康發展。 （二十二）搞好配套服務。會展活動是綜合性經濟活動，物價、旅游、市政、衛生、文物園林、質檢、鐵路、民航、交通、海關、商檢等部門要做好相關協調服務工作，切實解決會展中的實際問題。 （二十三）做好安全保衛工作。會展活動規模大，涉及面廣，參與群眾多，市級各職能部門和主辦（承辦）單位，要提高安全防范意識，每次活動都必須制定安全應急預案。公安、消防等有關部門要切實做好安全防范工作，為會展活動的順利舉行提供可靠的保障。 （二十四）加大新聞宣傳力度。會展經濟是一種新的經濟形態，新聞媒體要大力宣傳會展經濟、會展企業、會展人才,傳播會展信息，營造良好的發展會展經濟的輿論氛圍。 （二十五）本意見從發布之日起實施。
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現代展覽是由若干相互聯系的要素有機構成的一個系統，在這個展覽系統中存在著五大基本要素： 一是展覽會的主體，即展覽會的服務對象是參展廠商為展覽會的客戶； 二是展覽會的經營部門或機構，即專業行業協會和展覽公司是展覽會的組織者； 三是展覽會的客體，即展覽會的展示場所為展覽館或展覽中心； 四是展覽市場，即參展廠商獲取信息和宣傳企業形象的渠道； 五是參觀展覽的觀眾，即最終的用戶和消費者。 1、參展廠商——系統的動力層次。 參展廠商亦稱參展客戶，是基于三個方面的原因：一是參展廠商為系統最基礎的要素，是指參加展覽會的企事業單位、團體以及個體，沒有參展廠商的參與根本就不存在展覽會。參展廠商之所以成為系統的動力層次，主要是由于市場的需求和參展廠商的存在，才產生了展覽系統的其它要素；二是參展廠商是系統得在存在和發展的原始動力。如果沒有參展廠商的展覽行為，就不會產生展覽組織者和觀眾的行為，也就無所謂展覽系統了；三是參展廠商是系統活力的前提。參展廠商數量的多少和行為的活躍與否，直接關系著展覽系統的生命力。事實表明，凡是參展廠商群體龐大，行業組織支持度高、展覽競爭越是激烈的地區，展覽系統越是活躍。 2、展覽組織者——系統的主體。 凡以經營展覽業務為盈利手段的單位都屬于展覽經營部門。目前我國的展覽組織者有專營、兼營和代理三種形式。在成熟的展覽系統中，展覽組織者這個要素是指專營展覽業務的機構和部門，即展覽公司和一些行業協會。展覽組織者必須具備兩個條件：一是與特定的參展廠商發生業務關系，有特定的服務對象；二是創造出服務的產品——展覽會，即提供展示環境和信息。展覽組織者在展覽系統中的作用使它成為系統的主體。這是因為，參展廠商雖然是活動的起點，但它只是以服務對象的身份提出自己的服務要求，至于展覽以什么形式和如何組織，能夠取得什么效果，參展廠商是無能為力的；展覽場所（媒體）是展覽的舉辦地點，它只能決定展覽在什么時候舉行，提供最基本的服務而一般不參與展覽會的組織與運作或是兩套工作機構；展覽市場是展覽賴以存在和條件，但市場的經濟性質決定它是以被動的方式參與展覽活動；觀眾（消費者）雖然是展覽過程的終點，但他是既定展覽的接受者，也不可能參與展示產品的生產過程。在展覽系統中，只有展覽組織者處于核心和支配地位，它不但決定展覽的性質、特點和形式，而且決定展覽的最終效果，所以，展覽組織者的狀況決定展覽系統狀況。 3、展會的媒體（展示場所）——系統的神經。 展覽媒體是指展示傳播信息的媒介物，這種媒介物在展覽上稱之為展示場所——展覽館或展覽中心。展覽項目經過策劃出來后，如果不通過一定的方式集中向消費者展現其中的成果，展覽的意義也就不存在了。在展覽系統中，展覽的生命在于展現和傳播，媒體與展覽組織者（主辦單位）、市場和觀眾（消費者）發生密切的聯系。參展廠商與展館的聯系通過展覽組織者來實現。在展覽系統中，展覽場所的主要功能就是通過提供媒介及形象展示，付出智商，傳播信息，其情形恰似系統的神經。 4、展覽市場——系統結構的紐帶。 狹義的市場是商品交換的場所，廣義市場是指商品所反映的各種經濟關系和經濟活動現象的總和。展覽系統中的市場是指廣義的市場，因為展覽系統是一個開放的系統，它所涉及的內容和經濟關系遠遠超出了純粹商品交換的范圍。在這個系統中，既有以展覽為媒介反映參展廠商和消費者關系的商品交換行為，也有反映參展廠商與展覽組織者和展館之間的分工協作行為，所有這些關系都不是狹義的市場能夠反映和包容的。 在展覽系統中，市場這個要素的重要性隨著商品經濟的發展日益顯著，一方面它使系統其它要素的功能通過市場發生有機的聯系，各要素之間的聯系一定要通過市場的商品交換來實現，沒有商品交換的展覽活動是不可思議的。即使是那種以樹立企業形象和創造品牌印象為目的的戰略性展覽也是為商品交換的順利進行所做的一種準備工作；另一方面，市場以它特殊的功能調整著系統各要素之間的關系，因為各要素的行為方式的變化和行為后果，都要從市場中得到反饋，這樣通過市場這個媒介反映出的展覽——信息必然會影響各個要素的關系，并以此為據，做出相應的反應和調整。所以市場是展覽系統的紐帶。參觀展覽的觀眾（消費者）——系統結構的起點和終止。消費者就是商品的購買者或使用者，包括生產消費者和生活消費者。消費者這個要素在商品經濟活躍發展的條件下，其數量是很難確定的。它包括兩個部分：一是在展覽直接作用下，采取某種消費行為的消費者，如那些在商品展示過程中面對面的勸說下，引起購買行為的消費者；二是在展覽間接作用下采取某種消費行為的消費者，如在廣告宣傳作用下采取某種消費行為的消費者，比如由于受到同類商品消費者的消費印象的感染，雖然沒有直接接觸商品本身，但通過展覽中的廣告信息傳遞在消費者之間的這種互動感染本身也是一種勸服。間接消費者的大多數是哪些對某企業產品具有充分信任感的企業和個人，有時盡管廠家從未參加展覽會或做過專門的廣告宣傳，但產品質量的優良使其成為消費者公認的第一選擇，擁有比較穩定的顧客。正是由于大量間接消費者的存在，展覽與廣告在傳播中的作用各有異同，展覽中又含有廣告，使展覽系統中的消費者難計其數。 5、在展覽系統結構中，消費者是一切展覽行為的起點。 從社會再生產過程中看，如果沒有消費，便不可能存在有目的的生產，沒有生產便不可能產生參展廠商，也就不可能有其它行為，消費者還是展覽行為的終點，因為展覽活動之最終目的是為了滿足消費者的購買和選擇的需要，展覽效果的好壞也要由消費者最后決定。因此沒有消費者的行為，展覽活動既失去了目的，也無法最后完成展覽的全過程，所以，消費者是展覽系統的起點和終點。 從以上分析可以看出，現代展覽特別是經濟貿易展覽是由一系列要素有機聯系在一起的一個系統，構成這個系統的基本要素是參展廠商、展覽組織者、展覽場地、市場和消費者。按照系統論的方法可把現代展覽定義為：展覽是具有法人地位廠商出資，通過展覽組織者策劃的組織，利用展覽這一特定的媒介向市場和消費者顯示商品和勞務的信息，以達到一定經濟目的的商務活動。 從展覽系統結構的分析還可以看出，系統內各要素的相互作用方式是由它的各自的功能、作用、對象和它們在系統中的位置決定的。從社會再生產觀點看，消費者在系統中處于起點和終點的位置，各要素作用的方向都朝著消費者運動，各要素之間最終服務對象就是消費者（最終用戶），參展廠商是展覽系統得以維持和生存的基礎動力，廠商與消費者之間的矛盾根源于商品的個別勞動與社會勞動的矛盾。為解決這個矛盾，廠商輔之，以展覽來加快商品的交換，于是派生出展覽組織者，展覽場地與其市場的相應功能
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到會 |
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現代展覽是由若干相互聯系的要素有機構成的一個系統，在這個展覽系統中存在著五大基本要素： 一是展覽會的主體，即展覽會的服務對象是參展廠商為展覽會的客戶； 二是展覽會的經營部門或機構，即專業行業協會和展覽公司是展覽會的組織者； 三是展覽會的客體，即展覽會的展示場所為展覽館或展覽中心； 四是展覽市場，即參展廠商獲取信息和宣傳企業形象的渠道； 五是參觀展覽的觀眾，即最終的用戶和消費者。 1、參展廠商——系統的動力層次。 參展廠商亦稱參展客戶，是基于三個方面的原因：一是參展廠商為系統最基礎的要素，是指參加展覽會的企事業單位、團體以及個體，沒有參展廠商的參與根本就不存在展覽會。參展廠商之所以成為系統的動力層次，主要是由于市場的需求和參展廠商的存在，才產生了展覽系統的其它要素；二是參展廠商是系統得在存在和發展的原始動力。如果沒有參展廠商的展覽行為，就不會產生展覽組織者和觀眾的行為，也就無所謂展覽系統了；三是參展廠商是系統活力的前提。參展廠商數量的多少和行為的活躍與否，直接關系著展覽系統的生命力。事實表明，凡是參展廠商群體龐大，行業組織支持度高、展覽競爭越是激烈的地區，展覽系統越是活躍。 2、展覽組織者——系統的主體。 凡以經營展覽業務為盈利手段的單位都屬于展覽經營部門。目前我國的展覽組織者有專營、兼營和代理三種形式。在成熟的展覽系統中，展覽組織者這個要素是指專營展覽業務的機構和部門，即展覽公司和一些行業協會。展覽組織者必須具備兩個條件：一是與特定的參展廠商發生業務關系，有特定的服務對象；二是創造出服務的產品——展覽會，即提供展示環境和信息。展覽組織者在展覽系統中的作用使它成為系統的主體。這是因為，參展廠商雖然是活動的起點，但它只是以服務對象的身份提出自己的服務要求，至于展覽以什么形式和如何組織，能夠取得什么效果，參展廠商是無能為力的；展覽場所（媒體）是展覽的舉辦地點，它只能決定展覽在什么時候舉行，提供最基本的服務而一般不參與展覽會的組織與運作或是兩套工作機構；展覽市場是展覽賴以存在和條件，但市場的經濟性質決定它是以被動的方式參與展覽活動；觀眾（消費者）雖然是展覽過程的終點，但他是既定展覽的接受者，也不可能參與展示產品的生產過程。在展覽系統中，只有展覽組織者處于核心和支配地位，它不但決定展覽的性質、特點和形式，而且決定展覽的最終效果，所以，展覽組織者的狀況決定展覽系統狀況。 3、展會的媒體（展示場所）——系統的神經。 展覽媒體是指展示傳播信息的媒介物，這種媒介物在展覽上稱之為展示場所——展覽館或展覽中心。展覽項目經過策劃出來后，如果不通過一定的方式集中向消費者展現其中的成果，展覽的意義也就不存在了。在展覽系統中，展覽的生命在于展現和傳播，媒體與展覽組織者（主辦單位）、市場和觀眾（消費者）發生密切的聯系。參展廠商與展館的聯系通過展覽組織者來實現。在展覽系統中，展覽場所的主要功能就是通過提供媒介及形象展示，付出智商，傳播信息，其情形恰似系統的神經。 4、展覽市場——系統結構的紐帶。 狹義的市場是商品交換的場所，廣義市場是指商品所反映的各種經濟關系和經濟活動現象的總和。展覽系統中的市場是指廣義的市場，因為展覽系統是一個開放的系統，它所涉及的內容和經濟關系遠遠超出了純粹商品交換的范圍。在這個系統中，既有以展覽為媒介反映參展廠商和消費者關系的商品交換行為，也有反映參展廠商與展覽組織者和展館之間的分工協作行為，所有這些關系都不是狹義的市場能夠反映和包容的。 在展覽系統中，市場這個要素的重要性隨著商品經濟的發展日益顯著，一方面它使系統其它要素的功能通過市場發生有機的聯系，各要素之間的聯系一定要通過市場的商品交換來實現，沒有商品交換的展覽活動是不可思議的。即使是那種以樹立企業形象和創造品牌印象為目的的戰略性展覽也是為商品交換的順利進行所做的一種準備工作；另一方面，市場以它特殊的功能調整著系統各要素之間的關系，因為各要素的行為方式的變化和行為后果，都要從市場中得到反饋，這樣通過市場這個媒介反映出的展覽——信息必然會影響各個要素的關系，并以此為據，做出相應的反應和調整。所以市場是展覽系統的紐帶。參觀展覽的觀眾（消費者）——系統結構的起點和終止。消費者就是商品的購買者或使用者，包括生產消費者和生活消費者。消費者這個要素在商品經濟活躍發展的條件下，其數量是很難確定的。它包括兩個部分：一是在展覽直接作用下，采取某種消費行為的消費者，如那些在商品展示過程中面對面的勸說下，引起購買行為的消費者；二是在展覽間接作用下采取某種消費行為的消費者，如在廣告宣傳作用下采取某種消費行為的消費者，比如由于受到同類商品消費者的消費印象的感染，雖然沒有直接接觸商品本身，但通過展覽中的廣告信息傳遞在消費者之間的這種互動感染本身也是一種勸服。間接消費者的大多數是哪些對某企業產品具有充分信任感的企業和個人，有時盡管廠家從未參加展覽會或做過專門的廣告宣傳，但產品質量的優良使其成為消費者公認的第一選擇，擁有比較穩定的顧客。正是由于大量間接消費者的存在，展覽與廣告在傳播中的作用各有異同，展覽中又含有廣告，使展覽系統中的消費者難計其數。 5、在展覽系統結構中，消費者是一切展覽行為的起點。 從社會再生產過程中看，如果沒有消費，便不可能存在有目的的生產，沒有生產便不可能產生參展廠商，也就不可能有其它行為，消費者還是展覽行為的終點，因為展覽活動之最終目的是為了滿足消費者的購買和選擇的需要，展覽效果的好壞也要由消費者最后決定。因此沒有消費者的行為，展覽活動既失去了目的，也無法最后完成展覽的全過程，所以，消費者是展覽系統的起點和終點。 從以上分析可以看出，現代展覽特別是經濟貿易展覽是由一系列要素有機聯系在一起的一個系統，構成這個系統的基本要素是參展廠商、展覽組織者、展覽場地、市場和消費者。按照系統論的方法可把現代展覽定義為：展覽是具有法人地位廠商出資，通過展覽組織者策劃的組織，利用展覽這一特定的媒介向市場和消費者顯示商品和勞務的信息，以達到一定經濟目的的商務活動。 從展覽系統結構的分析還可以看出，系統內各要素的相互作用方式是由它的各自的功能、作用、對象和它們在系統中的位置決定的。從社會再生產觀點看，消費者在系統中處于起點和終點的位置，各要素作用的方向都朝著消費者運動，各要素之間最終服務對象就是消費者（最終用戶），參展廠商是展覽系統得以維持和生存的基礎動力，廠商與消費者之間的矛盾根源于商品的個別勞動與社會勞動的矛盾。為解決這個矛盾，廠商輔之，以展覽來加快商品的交換，于是派生出展覽組織者，展覽場地與其市場的相應功能
trade exhibition |
exhibition |
trade fair |
convention center |
show in hk |
trade fair hong kong |
hk exhibition |
concert |
show in hong kong |
hong kong events |
convention and exhibition |
convention |
special event |
hong kong exhibition |
special events |
meeting hall |
exhibition centre |
convention centre |
exhibition centres |
convention hall |
outside catering |
hong kong concerts |
concert hong kong |
hk exhibition centre |
convention hall |
hong kong concert |
concerts |
airport exhibition centre |
trade fair exhibition |
hong kong convention centre |
hong kong exhibition centre |
hong kong convention center |
hong kong exhibition center |
場地 |
活動 |
香港展覽 |
會展 |
活動籌辦機構 |
表演場地 |
會議 |
展覽 |
展覽會 |
到會 |
香港布展應注意的問題
http://www.asiaworld-expo.com
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1、香港展覽搭建前一個月辦理港澳通行證．
2.帶好轉換插頭，因為香港同國外一樣，就連手機充電器都是英式的很粗的三腳插頭，所以最好自己帶好轉插頭，如忘記了可在香港街市買１０元／個，或則向酒店前臺借用，香港幾乎所有酒店都會備好！知道大陸的過去會用到．
3.前往香港展覽搭建時，在深圳銀行對換好港幣.在香港的街頭也有對換店很方便，但匯率會讓你吃虧．帶好自己的拖鞋，因為酒店不提供一次性拖鞋，別染了正宗的香港腳．
4.洗刷用品，不用說了，我覺得還是自己的好，酒店里的也不是特別好．
5.香港布展時間天數比較少，一般1到兩天，很少象國內3天。但比較好的是一般晚上10點才閉館而且不收取加班費用.不象國內按平方每小時收取.
6、香港布展的人工很貴，分大小工，大工一般800港幣/天(木工\電工\美工)，小工400-600港幣/天不等，而且是分不同時段，9:00-18:00一個工，18:00-22:001個工，22:00-24:00半個工；而且在下午3點必須向工人提供面包和飲料之類的,因為這是香港人固有的下午茶習慣.別看是下午茶也是很貴的,一份大概在35-40港幣左右.有10個人的話那就可怕了!因為你中午已經出了40元/份的快餐了.香港勞工局對持旅游或者商務簽證到香港打工的人處罰非常嚴重，所以館內的工人均是香港居民。
7、香港展覽的其他費用也很高，譬如運輸費、處理，香港要求展臺必須運輸到指定地點清理，而如果展品要運回國內，則需要報關并且交30%以上的關稅；對垃圾的處理非常嚴格,別指望堆在路邊不管或不認帳,因為你的押金是在展覽會結束后的兩個月內退回給的.更別指望把展位又拉回大陸那可是算進口哦！自己考慮好！比出去還麻煩！
8、香港展覽的運輸時間安排嚴格按照時間分段安排，由于大多數展會由貿發局主辦，所以時間安排首先是照顧他們的展商進場；再按車證時間分批進場卸貨的.也別指望插隊,也插不了的.法制社會有辦法讓你按順序進去的.
9.非常重要的是針對抽煙的人士,在香港可別隨意拿支煙就抽哦!我的經驗就是不要在任何建筑屋內抽煙否則你會有大麻煩.因為香港人也是在大街上好幾個人圍著一個垃圾筒抽煙.不過在你自己住的酒店房間內當然沒問題.
10.盡量早點起床選擇地鐵或大巴交通工具,香港地鐵那可是四通八達.不然坐的士的話我看到目的地后你會后悔和可憐你那幾張港幣
trade exhibition |
exhibition |
trade fair |
convention center |
show in hk |
trade fair hong kong |
hk exhibition |
concert |
show in hong kong |
hong kong events |
convention and exhibition |
convention |
special event |
hong kong exhibition |
special events |
meeting hall |
exhibition centre |
convention centre |
exhibition centres |
convention hall |
outside catering |
hong kong concerts |
concert hong kong |
hk exhibition centre |
convention hall |
hong kong concert |
concerts |
airport exhibition centre |
trade fair exhibition |
hong kong convention centre |
hong kong exhibition centre |
hong kong convention center |
hong kong exhibition center |
場地 |
活動 |
香港展覽 |
會展 |
活動籌辦機構 |
表演場地 |
會議 |
展覽 |
展覽會 |
到會 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1、香港展覽搭建前一個月辦理港澳通行證．
2.帶好轉換插頭，因為香港同國外一樣，就連手機充電器都是英式的很粗的三腳插頭，所以最好自己帶好轉插頭，如忘記了可在香港街市買１０元／個，或則向酒店前臺借用，香港幾乎所有酒店都會備好！知道大陸的過去會用到．
3.前往香港展覽搭建時，在深圳銀行對換好港幣.在香港的街頭也有對換店很方便，但匯率會讓你吃虧．帶好自己的拖鞋，因為酒店不提供一次性拖鞋，別染了正宗的香港腳．
4.洗刷用品，不用說了，我覺得還是自己的好，酒店里的也不是特別好．
5.香港布展時間天數比較少，一般1到兩天，很少象國內3天。但比較好的是一般晚上10點才閉館而且不收取加班費用.不象國內按平方每小時收取.
6、香港布展的人工很貴，分大小工，大工一般800港幣/天(木工\電工\美工)，小工400-600港幣/天不等，而且是分不同時段，9:00-18:00一個工，18:00-22:001個工，22:00-24:00半個工；而且在下午3點必須向工人提供面包和飲料之類的,因為這是香港人固有的下午茶習慣.別看是下午茶也是很貴的,一份大概在35-40港幣左右.有10個人的話那就可怕了!因為你中午已經出了40元/份的快餐了.香港勞工局對持旅游或者商務簽證到香港打工的人處罰非常嚴重，所以館內的工人均是香港居民。
7、香港展覽的其他費用也很高，譬如運輸費、處理，香港要求展臺必須運輸到指定地點清理，而如果展品要運回國內，則需要報關并且交30%以上的關稅；對垃圾的處理非常嚴格,別指望堆在路邊不管或不認帳,因為你的押金是在展覽會結束后的兩個月內退回給的.更別指望把展位又拉回大陸那可是算進口哦！自己考慮好！比出去還麻煩！
8、香港展覽的運輸時間安排嚴格按照時間分段安排，由于大多數展會由貿發局主辦，所以時間安排首先是照顧他們的展商進場；再按車證時間分批進場卸貨的.也別指望插隊,也插不了的.法制社會有辦法讓你按順序進去的.
9.非常重要的是針對抽煙的人士,在香港可別隨意拿支煙就抽哦!我的經驗就是不要在任何建筑屋內抽煙否則你會有大麻煩.因為香港人也是在大街上好幾個人圍著一個垃圾筒抽煙.不過在你自己住的酒店房間內當然沒問題.
10.盡量早點起床選擇地鐵或大巴交通工具,香港地鐵那可是四通八達.不然坐的士的話我看到目的地后你會后悔和可憐你那幾張港幣
trade exhibition |
exhibition |
trade fair |
convention center |
show in hk |
trade fair hong kong |
hk exhibition |
concert |
show in hong kong |
hong kong events |
convention and exhibition |
convention |
special event |
hong kong exhibition |
special events |
meeting hall |
exhibition centre |
convention centre |
exhibition centres |
convention hall |
outside catering |
hong kong concerts |
concert hong kong |
hk exhibition centre |
convention hall |
hong kong concert |
concerts |
airport exhibition centre |
trade fair exhibition |
hong kong convention centre |
hong kong exhibition centre |
hong kong convention center |
hong kong exhibition center |
場地 |
活動 |
香港展覽 |
會展 |
活動籌辦機構 |
表演場地 |
會議 |
展覽 |
展覽會 |
到會 |
選擇國外展會的實用招以及考慮的因素
http://www.asiaworld-expo.com
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隨著全球貿易的日趨自由化，我國對外貿易呈現出高速增長的良好態勢。紡織品和服裝行業，從2005年1月起，出口配額制度將退出歷史舞臺，因此中國、印度這對 在紡織品方面競爭較強的國家來說是一個很好的時機。 如何找到一個合理、有效的渠道讓企業走進國際市場呢？不同的國家可能有不同的方法。根據近幾年的情況，我國的企業利用展覽會進行營銷活動，越來越被認可。很多企業在準備開拓一個新市場的時候，首選是尋找在整個市場有沒有適合自己產品的展覽會。尤其是一些國際領先或是在各個行業中具有相當聲譽的博覽會，如美國拉斯維加斯消費類電子產品展銷會、法蘭今日焦點：克福國際家用紡織品展覽會、巴黎成衣展等，都是許多企業競相參加的熱點展會。 盡管國內的企業參加國外展覽會的熱情很高，但因經驗不足，往往不能取得很好的效果。有專家建議，中小企業在選擇出國展覽會時，要考慮以下幾個因素：1.根據自己的產品情況，選定目標市場、目標展會；2.盡量選擇適合本企業產品的專業性展覽會；3.在決定參加某一個展覽會前，要對展覽會的情況盡可能地全面了解；4.最好在展覽會開幕前的8至10個月前，制訂參展計劃；5.要選擇可靠、有信譽、服務周到的組展單位。 企業通過展覽會這個平臺，獲得更多客戶，進而可以尋找自己在國外的代理商或是設立國外的分公司，逐步打進國際市場。為了鼓勵中小企業以展覽會的形式走向世界，中央從2001年起就出臺了相關的優惠政策，從不同程度上給企業補助會展資金。杭州市的補助政策也在逐步完善，2004年杭州市政府規定：杭州市區以及桐廬、建德、淳安三地（市）企業，通過市外經貿局或市貿促會有組織出國參展，可享受市級財政的資金補助，補貼金額為展位費的50％，最高不超過人民幣15000元。
trade exhibition |
exhibition |
trade fair |
convention center |
show in hk |
trade fair hong kong |
hk exhibition |
concert |
show in hong kong |
hong kong events |
convention and exhibition |
convention |
special event |
hong kong exhibition |
special events |
meeting hall |
exhibition centre |
convention centre |
exhibition centres |
convention hall |
outside catering |
hong kong concerts |
concert hong kong |
hk exhibition centre |
convention hall |
hong kong concert |
concerts |
airport exhibition centre |
trade fair exhibition |
hong kong convention centre |
hong kong exhibition centre |
hong kong convention center |
hong kong exhibition center |
場地 |
活動 |
香港展覽 |
會展 |
活動籌辦機構 |
表演場地 |
會議 |
展覽 |
展覽會 |
到會 |
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隨著全球貿易的日趨自由化，我國對外貿易呈現出高速增長的良好態勢。紡織品和服裝行業，從2005年1月起，出口配額制度將退出歷史舞臺，因此中國、印度這對 在紡織品方面競爭較強的國家來說是一個很好的時機。 如何找到一個合理、有效的渠道讓企業走進國際市場呢？不同的國家可能有不同的方法。根據近幾年的情況，我國的企業利用展覽會進行營銷活動，越來越被認可。很多企業在準備開拓一個新市場的時候，首選是尋找在整個市場有沒有適合自己產品的展覽會。尤其是一些國際領先或是在各個行業中具有相當聲譽的博覽會，如美國拉斯維加斯消費類電子產品展銷會、法蘭今日焦點：克福國際家用紡織品展覽會、巴黎成衣展等，都是許多企業競相參加的熱點展會。 盡管國內的企業參加國外展覽會的熱情很高，但因經驗不足，往往不能取得很好的效果。有專家建議，中小企業在選擇出國展覽會時，要考慮以下幾個因素：1.根據自己的產品情況，選定目標市場、目標展會；2.盡量選擇適合本企業產品的專業性展覽會；3.在決定參加某一個展覽會前，要對展覽會的情況盡可能地全面了解；4.最好在展覽會開幕前的8至10個月前，制訂參展計劃；5.要選擇可靠、有信譽、服務周到的組展單位。 企業通過展覽會這個平臺，獲得更多客戶，進而可以尋找自己在國外的代理商或是設立國外的分公司，逐步打進國際市場。為了鼓勵中小企業以展覽會的形式走向世界，中央從2001年起就出臺了相關的優惠政策，從不同程度上給企業補助會展資金。杭州市的補助政策也在逐步完善，2004年杭州市政府規定：杭州市區以及桐廬、建德、淳安三地（市）企業，通過市外經貿局或市貿促會有組織出國參展，可享受市級財政的資金補助，補貼金額為展位費的50％，最高不超過人民幣15000元。
trade exhibition |
exhibition |
trade fair |
convention center |
show in hk |
trade fair hong kong |
hk exhibition |
concert |
show in hong kong |
hong kong events |
convention and exhibition |
convention |
special event |
hong kong exhibition |
special events |
meeting hall |
exhibition centre |
convention centre |
exhibition centres |
convention hall |
outside catering |
hong kong concerts |
concert hong kong |
hk exhibition centre |
convention hall |
hong kong concert |
concerts |
airport exhibition centre |
trade fair exhibition |
hong kong convention centre |
hong kong exhibition centre |
hong kong convention center |
hong kong exhibition center |
場地 |
活動 |
香港展覽 |
會展 |
活動籌辦機構 |
表演場地 |
會議 |
展覽 |
展覽會 |
到會 |
What Is Forensic Psychology?
http://www.pagepersonnel.com.hk
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Forensic psychology is a branch of applied psychology that deals with the legal process and justice system. Any psychological service provided for the legal community can be considered to be forensic psychology. A forensic psychologist may be required to play a clinical role or a forensic role, or both. Most forensic psychologists focus on applying psychological research to the principles of the justice system.Forensic psychology deals with the psychological aspects of a crime or civil action. It is concerned with collecting, examining, and presenting evidence to help facilitate a legal decision. Within the legal system, forensic psychology provides a means for being able to enforce the law while taking human behavior into consideration. A forensic psychologist may be called upon to differentiate between criminal behavior and human behavior that may be caused by a psychological imbalance. It is imperative that forensic psychologists must be good clinical psychologists. Clinical psychologists assess and treat patients with mental disorders. Forensic psychologists must interact with individuals presenting mental health disorders within the legal context. Both civil and criminal cases can be considered by a forensic psychologist.Within the justice system, there are many areas where forensic psychology is utilized and forensic psychologists are employed. Correctional services, including prisons and jails; psychiatric hospitals; law enforcement agencies; community mental health centers; and juvenile detention centers are just some of the areas where forensic psychology is used. Within these settings, there are numerous different roles that are performed by the forensic psychologist. Many people confuse forensic psychology with forensic science. While they are similar fields, there are a few very specific differences between the two. The key difference is the fact that forensic psychology is used to analyze all the psychological perspectives, rather than physical evidence. A forensic psychologist also deals with many legal issues, which are essential elements to the understanding of the criminal behavior. The specialized knowledge of a forensic psychologist can be called upon for a variety of reasons, including treating offenders who are mentally ill, consulting on jury selection, and analyzing a criminal’s behavior, mind, and motive. Forensic psychologists have an expert knowledge of both the law and clinical psychology methods. A forensic psychologist is expected to keep up-to-date not only on psychological treatments, but also on legal issues such as new and updated laws and policies.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Forensic psychology is a branch of applied psychology that deals with the legal process and justice system. Any psychological service provided for the legal community can be considered to be forensic psychology. A forensic psychologist may be required to play a clinical role or a forensic role, or both. Most forensic psychologists focus on applying psychological research to the principles of the justice system.Forensic psychology deals with the psychological aspects of a crime or civil action. It is concerned with collecting, examining, and presenting evidence to help facilitate a legal decision. Within the legal system, forensic psychology provides a means for being able to enforce the law while taking human behavior into consideration. A forensic psychologist may be called upon to differentiate between criminal behavior and human behavior that may be caused by a psychological imbalance. It is imperative that forensic psychologists must be good clinical psychologists. Clinical psychologists assess and treat patients with mental disorders. Forensic psychologists must interact with individuals presenting mental health disorders within the legal context. Both civil and criminal cases can be considered by a forensic psychologist.Within the justice system, there are many areas where forensic psychology is utilized and forensic psychologists are employed. Correctional services, including prisons and jails; psychiatric hospitals; law enforcement agencies; community mental health centers; and juvenile detention centers are just some of the areas where forensic psychology is used. Within these settings, there are numerous different roles that are performed by the forensic psychologist. Many people confuse forensic psychology with forensic science. While they are similar fields, there are a few very specific differences between the two. The key difference is the fact that forensic psychology is used to analyze all the psychological perspectives, rather than physical evidence. A forensic psychologist also deals with many legal issues, which are essential elements to the understanding of the criminal behavior. The specialized knowledge of a forensic psychologist can be called upon for a variety of reasons, including treating offenders who are mentally ill, consulting on jury selection, and analyzing a criminal’s behavior, mind, and motive. Forensic psychologists have an expert knowledge of both the law and clinical psychology methods. A forensic psychologist is expected to keep up-to-date not only on psychological treatments, but also on legal issues such as new and updated laws and policies.
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What Is Garde Manger?
http://www.pagepersonnel.com.hk
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Presenting cold foods in a fine restaurant is the job of the chef garde manger. French for keeper of the food, a garde manger is responsible for preparing cold foods such as salads, cold soups, and hors d'oeuvres. Typically an entry level cook position in most restaurants, this pantry supervisor station is often the most demanding job in a kitchen. Preparing for an impressive food presentation is something that a garde manger should excel at. He or she must be able to season food accurately and creatively, requiring a keen knowledge of cold foods. Some people in this position may even be required to season cold foods prior to being cooked and served hot as well. The foods that a chef garde manger is responsible for can vary by restaurant. In addition to standard cold foods, such as salads, hors d'oeuvres, and soups, he or she will often be in charge of plating artful desserts. Cold buffet items, charcuterie, decorative dishes, pates, aspics, and any other dish prepared or served cool are typically handled by this chef. Cold food preparation, however, is not the sole duty of the garde manger. He or she may create centerpieces, which are typically edible, for fine dining experiences. These may be made from cheese, ice, tallow, fruits, vegetables, salt dough, cake, butter, or any other malleable foodstuffs. Attention to detail is key in this position. The garde manger must maintain strict sanitation, optimal flavor, accurate recipes, and ingenious styles to ensure the best meal possible for every plate. In preparation for this position, a fledgling chef should have a strong background in all forms of preparing food, including searing, molding, pureeing, seasoning, smoking, poaching, marinating, carving, and any other method used in cooking. To prepare food for a patron or critic, this chef must ensure that the final plate is not only a delicious dish, but also a work of art. He or she must wipe off any excess drippings off the dish's edges, as well as arrange each component, from the heart of the dish to its smallest garnish, as artfully as possible. Creative table arrangements are also sometimes executed by this chef. The pantry reserved for storing cold dishes itself is also referred to a garde manger. This area, usually found in a large restaurant or hotel, should be very cool and clean, with plenty of circulation. Garde Manger is also the name of a Montreal restaurant known for its seafood platters.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Presenting cold foods in a fine restaurant is the job of the chef garde manger. French for keeper of the food, a garde manger is responsible for preparing cold foods such as salads, cold soups, and hors d'oeuvres. Typically an entry level cook position in most restaurants, this pantry supervisor station is often the most demanding job in a kitchen. Preparing for an impressive food presentation is something that a garde manger should excel at. He or she must be able to season food accurately and creatively, requiring a keen knowledge of cold foods. Some people in this position may even be required to season cold foods prior to being cooked and served hot as well. The foods that a chef garde manger is responsible for can vary by restaurant. In addition to standard cold foods, such as salads, hors d'oeuvres, and soups, he or she will often be in charge of plating artful desserts. Cold buffet items, charcuterie, decorative dishes, pates, aspics, and any other dish prepared or served cool are typically handled by this chef. Cold food preparation, however, is not the sole duty of the garde manger. He or she may create centerpieces, which are typically edible, for fine dining experiences. These may be made from cheese, ice, tallow, fruits, vegetables, salt dough, cake, butter, or any other malleable foodstuffs. Attention to detail is key in this position. The garde manger must maintain strict sanitation, optimal flavor, accurate recipes, and ingenious styles to ensure the best meal possible for every plate. In preparation for this position, a fledgling chef should have a strong background in all forms of preparing food, including searing, molding, pureeing, seasoning, smoking, poaching, marinating, carving, and any other method used in cooking. To prepare food for a patron or critic, this chef must ensure that the final plate is not only a delicious dish, but also a work of art. He or she must wipe off any excess drippings off the dish's edges, as well as arrange each component, from the heart of the dish to its smallest garnish, as artfully as possible. Creative table arrangements are also sometimes executed by this chef. The pantry reserved for storing cold dishes itself is also referred to a garde manger. This area, usually found in a large restaurant or hotel, should be very cool and clean, with plenty of circulation. Garde Manger is also the name of a Montreal restaurant known for its seafood platters.
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What Is a House Officer?
http://www.pagepersonnel.com.hk
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A house officer is a trainee doctor, under the system of medical education used in the United Kingdom. House officers have completed medical school, passed their exams, and taken degrees. They practice medicine under the supervision of attending doctors and will go on to pursue training in medical specialties before developing their own medical practices. The house officer is equivalent to the medical resident used in other systems for training medical providers.To become a house officer, doctors must successfully complete medical school and apply into training programs. Once admitted, they are allowed increasing degrees of responsibility in patient care as they acquire clinical skills. Initially, house officers are usually closely supervised by attending doctors to make sure they are comfortable with providing medical care. Over time, they are given more opportunities for medical practice. This system for medical training is very ancient. In medical school, people are provided with clinical practice opportunities along with foundational classroom training in topics ranging from medical ethics to anatomy. As a house officer, people have an opportunity to put their skills into practice and to develop new skills as they work with patients. House officers often work long hours and face a variety of medical challenges. The work requires people to adapt and respond quickly to an assortment of situations, and trainees are constantly put on the spot by supervisors, asked to demonstrate clinical skills, answer questions, or provide input on patient care. This dynamic approach to medical education is intended to force people to develop critical thinking skills along with clinical abilities, and it can sometimes be stressful for junior doctors, especially when they are first starting out. Mentors like attendings, experienced nurses, and other house officers are critical to survival in medical training programs. Patients are sometimes concerned about the quality of care they will receive from a house officer, preferring more experienced attending physicians and surgeons. Numerous steps are taken to reduce the risks of medical errors while receiving care from doctors in training, including limiting working hours for trainees, using supervision for difficult cases, and encouraging doctors to consult mentors as they encounter questions and problems. Patients are also provided with an opportunity for informed consent and may choose to decline care from a house officer, either by attending a facility that is not a teaching hospital or requesting the services of an attending at a medical facility where junior doctors are permitted to practice.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A house officer is a trainee doctor, under the system of medical education used in the United Kingdom. House officers have completed medical school, passed their exams, and taken degrees. They practice medicine under the supervision of attending doctors and will go on to pursue training in medical specialties before developing their own medical practices. The house officer is equivalent to the medical resident used in other systems for training medical providers.To become a house officer, doctors must successfully complete medical school and apply into training programs. Once admitted, they are allowed increasing degrees of responsibility in patient care as they acquire clinical skills. Initially, house officers are usually closely supervised by attending doctors to make sure they are comfortable with providing medical care. Over time, they are given more opportunities for medical practice. This system for medical training is very ancient. In medical school, people are provided with clinical practice opportunities along with foundational classroom training in topics ranging from medical ethics to anatomy. As a house officer, people have an opportunity to put their skills into practice and to develop new skills as they work with patients. House officers often work long hours and face a variety of medical challenges. The work requires people to adapt and respond quickly to an assortment of situations, and trainees are constantly put on the spot by supervisors, asked to demonstrate clinical skills, answer questions, or provide input on patient care. This dynamic approach to medical education is intended to force people to develop critical thinking skills along with clinical abilities, and it can sometimes be stressful for junior doctors, especially when they are first starting out. Mentors like attendings, experienced nurses, and other house officers are critical to survival in medical training programs. Patients are sometimes concerned about the quality of care they will receive from a house officer, preferring more experienced attending physicians and surgeons. Numerous steps are taken to reduce the risks of medical errors while receiving care from doctors in training, including limiting working hours for trainees, using supervision for difficult cases, and encouraging doctors to consult mentors as they encounter questions and problems. Patients are also provided with an opportunity for informed consent and may choose to decline care from a house officer, either by attending a facility that is not a teaching hospital or requesting the services of an attending at a medical facility where junior doctors are permitted to practice.
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我國家電業內需增長強勁 出口回升明顯
www.4imarketing.com.hk
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
從近期公布的統計數據來看，今年三季度，家用電力器具行業和家用視聽行業銷售增長仍然維持在較高水平。
內銷方面，2010年1至8月家電行業實現銷售總額2267億元，同比增長27.7%。家電下鄉、以舊換新等刺激內需的政策繼續發揮效用，預計以舊換新政策在全國推廣后效果將更彰顯。
家用電力器具行業1至7月累計出口228.5億美元，同比增長26.2%，已恢復到2008年同期水平(2008年1至7月出口220.4億美元)。家用視聽設備行業17月累計出口產值1205億元，同比增長32.2%。出口的快速增長和發達國家經濟逐漸恢復、需求回暖有關。由于去年基數較低，預計下半年整個家電行業出口勢頭將持續保持。
分產品來看，根據產業在線的統計，8月家用空調銷量739萬臺，同比增長高達81%。今年炎熱天氣來得較遲，但氣溫高范圍廣，空調銷售旺季后延，目前空調仍然銷售旺盛。1至8月累計銷量6648萬臺，同比增長42%，已超過去年全年的銷售量(6587萬臺)。空調家電下鄉8月銷售額31.4億元，拉動了空調內銷。1至8月空調累計內銷3434萬臺，同比增長35.5%。1至8月累計出口3214萬臺，同比增長51%。全球天氣升溫拉動了對空調的需求，隨著全球經濟逐步回暖，預計近幾個月出口仍將持續拉動銷量增長。
1至8月，冰箱累計實現銷售4946萬臺，同比增長29.4%。由于去年同期基數特別高，近幾個月單月銷量同比增速有所下降，但仍維持在10%以上。1至8月冰箱內銷3642萬臺，同比增長31.1%。內銷快速增長主要受家電下鄉拉動。8月冰箱下鄉實現銷售額68.6億元，同比增長86%。近幾年我國農村正處于冰箱的快速普及期，預計家電下鄉及農村市場將持續拉動冰箱國內需求。
1至8月洗衣機累計實現銷售3068萬臺，同比增長26.1%。洗衣機增速雖不如空調和冰箱，但由于洗衣機增長相對平穩，前8個月的增長仍屬較快水平。1至8月洗衣機內銷2006萬臺，同比增長20.6%。
8月，內銷取代出口成為洗衣機銷量增長的主要來源。內銷快速增長，主要受家電下鄉和以舊換新的政策拉動，分別啟動農村普及和城鎮更新換代兩大市場。由于城鎮市場處于洗衣機的更新換代期，同時滾筒洗衣機價格明顯下滑，以舊換新政策實施范圍擴大后，預計洗衣機更新需求將增加。
液晶電視1至8月累計銷量5054萬臺，同比增長43.6%。銷量累計增速較高，但近幾個月增速逐步下滑，從年初的100%下滑到20%左右。同時外資品牌2010年以來價格下降明顯，沖擊了內資品牌的市場占有率。
往后看，預計隨著以舊換新的推廣，四季度內銷表現將有提升。同時隨著國內液晶電視產業鏈的逐步完善，LCD電視生產將繼續向中國轉移，出口將繼續增長。國慶期間外資品牌降價較少，內資品牌占據主動，同時近期液晶面板價格穩步下滑，為整機降價提供空間。
我們對家電四季度整體增長持樂觀態度，出口繼續增長基本無疑，變數主要在家電內需。我們認為，以舊換新政策推廣后，經過三季度的政策啟動期，四季度將對家電需求有較大的拉動。房地產調控對家電需求的影響將逐步顯現，但影響不會太大，保障房建設的加速推進將減緩商品房調控的沖擊。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
從近期公布的統計數據來看，今年三季度，家用電力器具行業和家用視聽行業銷售增長仍然維持在較高水平。
內銷方面，2010年1至8月家電行業實現銷售總額2267億元，同比增長27.7%。家電下鄉、以舊換新等刺激內需的政策繼續發揮效用，預計以舊換新政策在全國推廣后效果將更彰顯。
家用電力器具行業1至7月累計出口228.5億美元，同比增長26.2%，已恢復到2008年同期水平(2008年1至7月出口220.4億美元)。家用視聽設備行業17月累計出口產值1205億元，同比增長32.2%。出口的快速增長和發達國家經濟逐漸恢復、需求回暖有關。由于去年基數較低，預計下半年整個家電行業出口勢頭將持續保持。
分產品來看，根據產業在線的統計，8月家用空調銷量739萬臺，同比增長高達81%。今年炎熱天氣來得較遲，但氣溫高范圍廣，空調銷售旺季后延，目前空調仍然銷售旺盛。1至8月累計銷量6648萬臺，同比增長42%，已超過去年全年的銷售量(6587萬臺)。空調家電下鄉8月銷售額31.4億元，拉動了空調內銷。1至8月空調累計內銷3434萬臺，同比增長35.5%。1至8月累計出口3214萬臺，同比增長51%。全球天氣升溫拉動了對空調的需求，隨著全球經濟逐步回暖，預計近幾個月出口仍將持續拉動銷量增長。
1至8月，冰箱累計實現銷售4946萬臺，同比增長29.4%。由于去年同期基數特別高，近幾個月單月銷量同比增速有所下降，但仍維持在10%以上。1至8月冰箱內銷3642萬臺，同比增長31.1%。內銷快速增長主要受家電下鄉拉動。8月冰箱下鄉實現銷售額68.6億元，同比增長86%。近幾年我國農村正處于冰箱的快速普及期，預計家電下鄉及農村市場將持續拉動冰箱國內需求。
1至8月洗衣機累計實現銷售3068萬臺，同比增長26.1%。洗衣機增速雖不如空調和冰箱，但由于洗衣機增長相對平穩，前8個月的增長仍屬較快水平。1至8月洗衣機內銷2006萬臺，同比增長20.6%。
8月，內銷取代出口成為洗衣機銷量增長的主要來源。內銷快速增長，主要受家電下鄉和以舊換新的政策拉動，分別啟動農村普及和城鎮更新換代兩大市場。由于城鎮市場處于洗衣機的更新換代期，同時滾筒洗衣機價格明顯下滑，以舊換新政策實施范圍擴大后，預計洗衣機更新需求將增加。
液晶電視1至8月累計銷量5054萬臺，同比增長43.6%。銷量累計增速較高，但近幾個月增速逐步下滑，從年初的100%下滑到20%左右。同時外資品牌2010年以來價格下降明顯，沖擊了內資品牌的市場占有率。
往后看，預計隨著以舊換新的推廣，四季度內銷表現將有提升。同時隨著國內液晶電視產業鏈的逐步完善，LCD電視生產將繼續向中國轉移，出口將繼續增長。國慶期間外資品牌降價較少，內資品牌占據主動，同時近期液晶面板價格穩步下滑，為整機降價提供空間。
我們對家電四季度整體增長持樂觀態度，出口繼續增長基本無疑，變數主要在家電內需。我們認為，以舊換新政策推廣后，經過三季度的政策啟動期，四季度將對家電需求有較大的拉動。房地產調控對家電需求的影響將逐步顯現，但影響不會太大，保障房建設的加速推進將減緩商品房調控的沖擊。
SEO |
網上廣告 |
網上推廣 |
網站推廣 |
email marketing |
emarketing |
e marketing |
marketing |
internet marketing |
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advertisement |
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advertising company |
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威脅自身業務 谷歌TV遭美電視行業冷遇
www.4imarketing.com.hk
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
北京時間8月18日早間消息，據國外媒體報道，谷歌正發起活動，以尋求美國各大電視網對谷歌TV服務的支持，然而大部分媒體公司均對這款有可能威脅自身業務的服務態度冷淡。
谷歌TV服務能幫助用戶通過電視機和機頂盒查看并搜索有線電視、衛星電視和網絡節目。首款集成該服務的產品由索尼和羅技共同推出，將于今年秋季面市。
知情人士稱，近幾周，谷歌已經與美國廣播公司(ABC)、哥倫比亞廣播公司(CBS)、福克斯和美國全國廣播公司(NBC)的高管舉行會談，鼓勵他們使用谷歌的服務。然而，這些內容所有者對谷歌的業務模式表示懷疑。
知情人士表示，谷歌高管希望，內容所有者能夠分享他們視頻網站的數據，使谷歌能夠搜索并播放這些視頻。例如，當用戶搜索ABC的電視劇《瘋狂的主婦》時，谷歌TV將給出該電視劇的播放時間，同時列出相關的網絡視頻。從谷歌的角度來看，獲得的數據越多，這一搜索功能就越強大。
蘋果、微軟和其他一些公司已經提供多種方式，使用戶通過硬件設備在電視機上觀看電視劇和電影等內容。然而，谷歌TV將走得更遠。谷歌這款軟件希望能夠播放網絡上任何視頻，包括YouTube視頻和媒體公司發布的完整長度電視劇。因此一些媒體公司擔心，這將導致他們的內容被大量的互聯網內容，包括盜版內容淹沒。
谷歌的做法也引起了媒體公司的反擊。一些媒體公司正在討論是否應采取措施封殺通過某些硬件觀看網絡視頻，而這在技術上是可行的。
此外，谷歌還需要說服內容所有者對視頻進行調整，使視頻適應較大的屏幕。知情人士稱，谷歌希望電視公司重新設計網站，使這些網站在電視機屏幕上看起來更好，例如提供更大的視頻尺寸，以及更少的文字。
CBS互動高級副總裁安東尼蘇霍(AnthonySoohoo)表示，CBS有興趣與能提升內容價值的潛在合作伙伴一同探索市場機會，而下一步的關鍵是理解谷歌該產品的業務模式，以及該產品將如何處理與CBS等內容所有者的關系。
谷歌一名發言人則表示，谷歌很高興幫助合作伙伴通過網絡接觸到更多用戶。知情人士表示，谷歌高管目前尚未指出該服務的業務模式，谷歌更傾向于等待更多用戶使用該服務。
知情人士稱，谷歌接觸的媒體公司包括維亞康姆、華爾特迪斯尼、NBC環球和新聞集團。谷歌于5月份宣布推出谷歌TV。隨著互聯網搜索業務的成熟，谷歌已開始瞄準價值700億美元的美國電視廣告市場。
SEO |
網上廣告 |
網上推廣 |
網站推廣 |
email marketing |
emarketing |
e marketing |
marketing |
internet marketing |
online marketing |
advertisement |
online promotion |
promotion company |
advertising |
online advertising |
advertising company |
search marketing |
search engine marketing |
推廣 |
廣告宣傳 |
廣告公司 |
網站宣傳 |
direct marketing |
marketing strategy |
marketing promotion |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
北京時間8月18日早間消息，據國外媒體報道，谷歌正發起活動，以尋求美國各大電視網對谷歌TV服務的支持，然而大部分媒體公司均對這款有可能威脅自身業務的服務態度冷淡。
谷歌TV服務能幫助用戶通過電視機和機頂盒查看并搜索有線電視、衛星電視和網絡節目。首款集成該服務的產品由索尼和羅技共同推出，將于今年秋季面市。
知情人士稱，近幾周，谷歌已經與美國廣播公司(ABC)、哥倫比亞廣播公司(CBS)、福克斯和美國全國廣播公司(NBC)的高管舉行會談，鼓勵他們使用谷歌的服務。然而，這些內容所有者對谷歌的業務模式表示懷疑。
知情人士表示，谷歌高管希望，內容所有者能夠分享他們視頻網站的數據，使谷歌能夠搜索并播放這些視頻。例如，當用戶搜索ABC的電視劇《瘋狂的主婦》時，谷歌TV將給出該電視劇的播放時間，同時列出相關的網絡視頻。從谷歌的角度來看，獲得的數據越多，這一搜索功能就越強大。
蘋果、微軟和其他一些公司已經提供多種方式，使用戶通過硬件設備在電視機上觀看電視劇和電影等內容。然而，谷歌TV將走得更遠。谷歌這款軟件希望能夠播放網絡上任何視頻，包括YouTube視頻和媒體公司發布的完整長度電視劇。因此一些媒體公司擔心，這將導致他們的內容被大量的互聯網內容，包括盜版內容淹沒。
谷歌的做法也引起了媒體公司的反擊。一些媒體公司正在討論是否應采取措施封殺通過某些硬件觀看網絡視頻，而這在技術上是可行的。
此外，谷歌還需要說服內容所有者對視頻進行調整，使視頻適應較大的屏幕。知情人士稱，谷歌希望電視公司重新設計網站，使這些網站在電視機屏幕上看起來更好，例如提供更大的視頻尺寸，以及更少的文字。
CBS互動高級副總裁安東尼蘇霍(AnthonySoohoo)表示，CBS有興趣與能提升內容價值的潛在合作伙伴一同探索市場機會，而下一步的關鍵是理解谷歌該產品的業務模式，以及該產品將如何處理與CBS等內容所有者的關系。
谷歌一名發言人則表示，谷歌很高興幫助合作伙伴通過網絡接觸到更多用戶。知情人士表示，谷歌高管目前尚未指出該服務的業務模式，谷歌更傾向于等待更多用戶使用該服務。
知情人士稱，谷歌接觸的媒體公司包括維亞康姆、華爾特迪斯尼、NBC環球和新聞集團。谷歌于5月份宣布推出谷歌TV。隨著互聯網搜索業務的成熟，谷歌已開始瞄準價值700億美元的美國電視廣告市場。
SEO |
網上廣告 |
網上推廣 |
網站推廣 |
email marketing |
emarketing |
e marketing |
marketing |
internet marketing |
online marketing |
advertisement |
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advertising |
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advertising company |
search marketing |
search engine marketing |
推廣 |
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網站宣傳 |
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marketing strategy |
marketing promotion |
3D電視日本銷售慘淡：僅占平板電視銷量1%
www.4imarketing.com.hk
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
日本幾大電器廠商正在2010年是3D電視元年的聲浪中加緊開發、出售最新技術的3D電視。
一部美國3D電影《阿凡達》帶給全球觀眾強烈的視覺沖擊，松下、索尼、夏普、東芝等日本電視廠商從中嗅出了巨大的商機，立即趁著這輪3D熱大炒3D電視新概念，并快速實現了從研發、生產到推廣、銷售的連串動作。
相關閱讀：優勢明顯 3D電視下半年進入普及期 很潮很好看 3D電視卻為何叫好不叫座？
3D如何實現？3D電視立體成像原理分析 彩電升級 互聯網電視和3D電視成市場新寵
日本國內四大電器巨頭現已全數涉足3D電視領域。松下公司在4月的銷售中拔得頭籌，率先推出3D電視。索尼公司6月即緊隨其后。7月30日，夏普公司開始發售3D電視機。東芝公司7月28日已宣布，8種型號的高級薄型3D電視8月下旬起將陸續上市。
伴隨著3D電視熱，3D錄像機等多種周邊產品也正相繼問世。
但與電器巨頭們巨大的生產、銷售熱潮相對應的是，即使是最熱衷時尚的日本消費者也反應冷淡。
從至今為止的銷售量上來看，3D電視僅占據了薄板電視銷量的1%左右。據市場調查公司BCN的統計，6月日本市場3D電視的占有率僅為0.8%，7月第三周的這一數據也只有1.4%。
慘淡的銷售業績令各大廠商大跌了一回3D眼鏡。
目前，3D電視普及的瓶頸在于與之相對應的影視光碟資源不足。此外，價格高昂也是一般消費者還難以接受的原因之一。以40英寸3D電視為例，它比同尺寸普通電視的價格要高出70%左右。
但日本各大商家信心未減，一致認為此番對3D電視的推出絕不會成為一時性的短暫潮流。當然，他們也承認，使用專用眼鏡的3D電視要想實現普及，確實難度不小有多少消費者愿意吃飯、喝茶之際看電視時必須帶著一副立體眼鏡呢？
為破解這個難題，東芝公司近期開發出一款21英寸無需眼鏡即可觀看3D影像的顯示器，目前正處在測試階段，還沒有成品銷售。開發商表示，此類產品今后將主要運用到廣告、娛樂設施方面，如街頭的廣告電視屏、游戲廳的游戲機里面。至于能否普及到普通家庭，還真是個未知數。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
日本幾大電器廠商正在2010年是3D電視元年的聲浪中加緊開發、出售最新技術的3D電視。
一部美國3D電影《阿凡達》帶給全球觀眾強烈的視覺沖擊，松下、索尼、夏普、東芝等日本電視廠商從中嗅出了巨大的商機，立即趁著這輪3D熱大炒3D電視新概念，并快速實現了從研發、生產到推廣、銷售的連串動作。
相關閱讀：優勢明顯 3D電視下半年進入普及期 很潮很好看 3D電視卻為何叫好不叫座？
3D如何實現？3D電視立體成像原理分析 彩電升級 互聯網電視和3D電視成市場新寵
日本國內四大電器巨頭現已全數涉足3D電視領域。松下公司在4月的銷售中拔得頭籌，率先推出3D電視。索尼公司6月即緊隨其后。7月30日，夏普公司開始發售3D電視機。東芝公司7月28日已宣布，8種型號的高級薄型3D電視8月下旬起將陸續上市。
伴隨著3D電視熱，3D錄像機等多種周邊產品也正相繼問世。
但與電器巨頭們巨大的生產、銷售熱潮相對應的是，即使是最熱衷時尚的日本消費者也反應冷淡。
從至今為止的銷售量上來看，3D電視僅占據了薄板電視銷量的1%左右。據市場調查公司BCN的統計，6月日本市場3D電視的占有率僅為0.8%，7月第三周的這一數據也只有1.4%。
慘淡的銷售業績令各大廠商大跌了一回3D眼鏡。
目前，3D電視普及的瓶頸在于與之相對應的影視光碟資源不足。此外，價格高昂也是一般消費者還難以接受的原因之一。以40英寸3D電視為例，它比同尺寸普通電視的價格要高出70%左右。
但日本各大商家信心未減，一致認為此番對3D電視的推出絕不會成為一時性的短暫潮流。當然，他們也承認，使用專用眼鏡的3D電視要想實現普及，確實難度不小有多少消費者愿意吃飯、喝茶之際看電視時必須帶著一副立體眼鏡呢？
為破解這個難題，東芝公司近期開發出一款21英寸無需眼鏡即可觀看3D影像的顯示器，目前正處在測試階段，還沒有成品銷售。開發商表示，此類產品今后將主要運用到廣告、娛樂設施方面，如街頭的廣告電視屏、游戲廳的游戲機里面。至于能否普及到普通家庭，還真是個未知數。
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3D電視選誰好 認準IPS硬屏是關鍵
www.4imarketing.com.hk
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經過了2010年上半年的市場預熱，同時借助電影《阿凡達》、世界杯等事件的推動，3D影像被人們廣為熟知，而在平板電視領域也掀起了一波3D的市場熱潮。目前幾乎所有電視廠商都先后發布了自己旗下的3D電視產品，這其中尤以日韓品牌居多。
值得關注的是，據奧維咨詢最新的調查數據顯示，索尼以48%的3D電視市占率后來居上，暫時坐上頭把交椅。而國內品牌也在加緊3D電視上市的步伐，可以說，下半年中日韓各大家電廠商均已介入，整個3D電視市場競爭會更加激烈。
3D市場前景看好阻力多
元年契機需時日
將來3D技術發展到最后都是以裸眼方式觀看的，但目前市場見到的3D電視都需要戴眼鏡來獲得3D效果。眼下，市場上的3D電視均是采用的主動快門式，佩戴主動快門式3D眼鏡，左右眼長時間無法同步觀看所帶來的暈眩和惡心的感受，可不是3D電視最想要帶給消費者的體驗。同時，快門式笨重的眼鏡、充電的后期成本以及眼鏡本身高昂的價格，都是目前快門式3D電視被人詬病的缺陷。
由于受信號接收的影響，在戴著主動快門式眼鏡觀看3D畫面時，對觀看者的觀看位置有一定限制，如果超出了信號接收范圍，眼鏡工作就會間或失效，從而看不到3D圖像。并且，雖然并不建議長時間觀看3D畫面，但是如果眼鏡電池使用不久就供電不足，也會令3D圖像大受影響。如果時刻為充電而分心，肯定會影響觀賞效果和心情。
當然，不管是眼下主流的主動快門式還是以后可能會興起的偏振光式，決定3D電視性能表現的始終是液晶電視的核心面板技術。隨著3D電視市場的日益成熟，品牌選擇不斷增多，面板就成為了最關鍵的選購指標。
3D定位大尺寸應用領域
IPS硬屏優勢明顯
此外，目前上市的3D電視均為40英寸以上的產品，3D電視也被打上了大尺寸液晶電視的標簽。確實，3D效果在大尺寸畫面下體現更為顯著的身臨其境的觀賞效果，因而大尺寸也是3D電視的主流趨勢。在大尺寸3D電視的應用中，3D畫面呈現的放大效果對屏幕穩固和廣視角均有更高要求，3D畫面更強烈的視覺沖擊給健康護眼增加了壓力，IPS硬屏的結構特點和性能優勢給這一應用提供了更優化的方案。
不可否認，在中日韓各方廠商的一致推廣下，3D電視在2010年勢必得到長足發展。而伴隨著3D標準制定的加速，市場認知度的不斷增加，3D電視也有希望在2011年的終端市場走出一波強勁的上揚線。只有那些掌握核心技術以及核心競爭力的廠商，才能在這激烈的3D影像大戰中，分得一杯羹，獲得長足發展。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
經過了2010年上半年的市場預熱，同時借助電影《阿凡達》、世界杯等事件的推動，3D影像被人們廣為熟知，而在平板電視領域也掀起了一波3D的市場熱潮。目前幾乎所有電視廠商都先后發布了自己旗下的3D電視產品，這其中尤以日韓品牌居多。
值得關注的是，據奧維咨詢最新的調查數據顯示，索尼以48%的3D電視市占率后來居上，暫時坐上頭把交椅。而國內品牌也在加緊3D電視上市的步伐，可以說，下半年中日韓各大家電廠商均已介入，整個3D電視市場競爭會更加激烈。
3D市場前景看好阻力多
元年契機需時日
將來3D技術發展到最后都是以裸眼方式觀看的，但目前市場見到的3D電視都需要戴眼鏡來獲得3D效果。眼下，市場上的3D電視均是采用的主動快門式，佩戴主動快門式3D眼鏡，左右眼長時間無法同步觀看所帶來的暈眩和惡心的感受，可不是3D電視最想要帶給消費者的體驗。同時，快門式笨重的眼鏡、充電的后期成本以及眼鏡本身高昂的價格，都是目前快門式3D電視被人詬病的缺陷。
由于受信號接收的影響，在戴著主動快門式眼鏡觀看3D畫面時，對觀看者的觀看位置有一定限制，如果超出了信號接收范圍，眼鏡工作就會間或失效，從而看不到3D圖像。并且，雖然并不建議長時間觀看3D畫面，但是如果眼鏡電池使用不久就供電不足，也會令3D圖像大受影響。如果時刻為充電而分心，肯定會影響觀賞效果和心情。
當然，不管是眼下主流的主動快門式還是以后可能會興起的偏振光式，決定3D電視性能表現的始終是液晶電視的核心面板技術。隨著3D電視市場的日益成熟，品牌選擇不斷增多，面板就成為了最關鍵的選購指標。
3D定位大尺寸應用領域
IPS硬屏優勢明顯
此外，目前上市的3D電視均為40英寸以上的產品，3D電視也被打上了大尺寸液晶電視的標簽。確實，3D效果在大尺寸畫面下體現更為顯著的身臨其境的觀賞效果，因而大尺寸也是3D電視的主流趨勢。在大尺寸3D電視的應用中，3D畫面呈現的放大效果對屏幕穩固和廣視角均有更高要求，3D畫面更強烈的視覺沖擊給健康護眼增加了壓力，IPS硬屏的結構特點和性能優勢給這一應用提供了更優化的方案。
不可否認，在中日韓各方廠商的一致推廣下，3D電視在2010年勢必得到長足發展。而伴隨著3D標準制定的加速，市場認知度的不斷增加，3D電視也有希望在2011年的終端市場走出一波強勁的上揚線。只有那些掌握核心技術以及核心競爭力的廠商，才能在這激烈的3D影像大戰中，分得一杯羹，獲得長足發展。
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iPad新增三家渠道商 神州數碼意外落選
www.4imarketing.com.hk
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記者昨天從消息人士處獲悉，在蘋果iPad入華銷售一段時間后，新增了三家IT渠道代理商，佳杰科技、長虹佳華和翰林匯進入首批iPad分銷名單，之前呼聲較高的神州數碼卻意外落選，沒有在首批名單之中。
根據蘋果公司的銷售策略，iPad入華先在蘋果的零售店和國美、蘇寧家電賣場以及蘋果授權的專賣店銷售，銷售一段時間后渠道再擴展至IT渠道領域。這三家新公布的代理商將在傳統的IT渠道展開銷售。
長虹集團控股子公司長虹佳華昨天也向記者證實，近期確實獲得了iPad的分銷權，市場分銷工作也已展開。
蘋果首批三家IT渠道分銷商都是原本分銷行業的實力強勁的企業，獲得蘋果授權也不意外，但是同樣實力顯著的神州數碼沒有獲得iPad分銷權有點令人意外。早前神州數碼曾發布公告稱，公司將分銷iPad，隨后又澄清該表述不嚴謹。神州數碼昨天確認的確沒有進入蘋果首批iPad分銷名單，期待以后還有機會，蘋果可能是基于市場策略的考慮。
一位蘋果授權經銷商對記者分析稱，神州數碼之前主要是做全國代理，現在蘋果渠道越來越扁平化，神州數碼沒有入選也不意外。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
記者昨天從消息人士處獲悉，在蘋果iPad入華銷售一段時間后，新增了三家IT渠道代理商，佳杰科技、長虹佳華和翰林匯進入首批iPad分銷名單，之前呼聲較高的神州數碼卻意外落選，沒有在首批名單之中。
根據蘋果公司的銷售策略，iPad入華先在蘋果的零售店和國美、蘇寧家電賣場以及蘋果授權的專賣店銷售，銷售一段時間后渠道再擴展至IT渠道領域。這三家新公布的代理商將在傳統的IT渠道展開銷售。
長虹集團控股子公司長虹佳華昨天也向記者證實，近期確實獲得了iPad的分銷權，市場分銷工作也已展開。
蘋果首批三家IT渠道分銷商都是原本分銷行業的實力強勁的企業，獲得蘋果授權也不意外，但是同樣實力顯著的神州數碼沒有獲得iPad分銷權有點令人意外。早前神州數碼曾發布公告稱，公司將分銷iPad，隨后又澄清該表述不嚴謹。神州數碼昨天確認的確沒有進入蘋果首批iPad分銷名單，期待以后還有機會，蘋果可能是基于市場策略的考慮。
一位蘋果授權經銷商對記者分析稱，神州數碼之前主要是做全國代理，現在蘋果渠道越來越扁平化，神州數碼沒有入選也不意外。
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What Are the Different Adjunct Professor Jobs?
http://www.pagepersonnel.com.hk
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If you're hoping to pursue a career in academia, you may be surprised to learn that not all college professors have the same job classification. The most prestigious positions are those which offer tenure, a contractual right not to have the position terminated without just cause. Tenure track positions include those of assistant professor, associate professor, distinguished professor, endowed chair, or professor emeritus jobs. Unfortunately, the bulk of positions available in academia today are adjunct professor jobs.The exact number of adjunct professors at a particular college or university will vary, although it is estimated that nearly 50 percent of all instructors in the United States are classified as adjunct professors and that 60 to 70 percent of available positions at any given time are adjunct professor jobs. Adjunct professor jobs are typically non-tenure track positions that are part-time. The instructor is paid for each class he teaches instead of receiving a set salary. Depending upon the institution, an adjunct professor may be called an adjunct lecturer, adjunct instructor, or faculty associate. The popularity of adjunct professor jobs at colleges and universities of all sizes is simply a matter of cost effectiveness. Since adjunct faculty are part-time employees, they may not receive employment benefits. They can be hired and fired depending upon the course needs of the institution for a particular semester. For the most part, adjunct professor jobs involve teaching undergraduate courses. These are the large lecture classes that freshman and sophomores must complete in order to begin advanced coursework in their chosen major. Adjunct jobs do not normally involve conducting research, unless the position is specifically outlined as a research professor job. Despite their lack of job security and the fact that they typically earn significantly lower salaries than their tenure track counterparts, the majority of adjunct faculty must meet the same requirements as an assistant or associate professor. They generally have advanced degrees in their subject area and relevant professional work experience. At most colleges and universities, the process for hiring adjunct professors is similar to that of selecting candidates for any other professional position within the institution. Adjunct professor jobs have generated a fair amount of controversy in recent years, due to allegations that the system is abusive and unfair. It is true that many adjunct professors would prefer to be teaching in full-time tenure track positions. However, others say they actually prefer the flexibility of the part-time teaching gig. Adjunct professor positions allow them to indulge their passion for a particular subject area while still allowing time to pursue other projects, such as film-making or writing a novel.
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If you're hoping to pursue a career in academia, you may be surprised to learn that not all college professors have the same job classification. The most prestigious positions are those which offer tenure, a contractual right not to have the position terminated without just cause. Tenure track positions include those of assistant professor, associate professor, distinguished professor, endowed chair, or professor emeritus jobs. Unfortunately, the bulk of positions available in academia today are adjunct professor jobs.The exact number of adjunct professors at a particular college or university will vary, although it is estimated that nearly 50 percent of all instructors in the United States are classified as adjunct professors and that 60 to 70 percent of available positions at any given time are adjunct professor jobs. Adjunct professor jobs are typically non-tenure track positions that are part-time. The instructor is paid for each class he teaches instead of receiving a set salary. Depending upon the institution, an adjunct professor may be called an adjunct lecturer, adjunct instructor, or faculty associate. The popularity of adjunct professor jobs at colleges and universities of all sizes is simply a matter of cost effectiveness. Since adjunct faculty are part-time employees, they may not receive employment benefits. They can be hired and fired depending upon the course needs of the institution for a particular semester. For the most part, adjunct professor jobs involve teaching undergraduate courses. These are the large lecture classes that freshman and sophomores must complete in order to begin advanced coursework in their chosen major. Adjunct jobs do not normally involve conducting research, unless the position is specifically outlined as a research professor job. Despite their lack of job security and the fact that they typically earn significantly lower salaries than their tenure track counterparts, the majority of adjunct faculty must meet the same requirements as an assistant or associate professor. They generally have advanced degrees in their subject area and relevant professional work experience. At most colleges and universities, the process for hiring adjunct professors is similar to that of selecting candidates for any other professional position within the institution. Adjunct professor jobs have generated a fair amount of controversy in recent years, due to allegations that the system is abusive and unfair. It is true that many adjunct professors would prefer to be teaching in full-time tenure track positions. However, others say they actually prefer the flexibility of the part-time teaching gig. Adjunct professor positions allow them to indulge their passion for a particular subject area while still allowing time to pursue other projects, such as film-making or writing a novel.
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What Are the Different Exercise Physiologist Jobs?
http://www.pagepersonnel.com.hk
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A physiologist is a specialist in physiology, the study of the functions of living things. An exercise physiologist is an allied health professional specializing in the physiology of exercise. Exercise physiologist jobs can be as unique and creative as an individual’s personality.The job of an exercise physiologist is to implement exercises and monitor the cardiovascular and metabolic effects of the routine necessary for physical rehabilitation. These physiologists evaluate physical abilities and employ exercises to enhance and maintain overall health and conditioning. They also collaborate with other healthcare professionals to identify risks and provide a comprehensive rehabilitation program. Therefore exercise physiologist jobs can be found wherever there is a focus on health, overall wellness, and fitness.Exercise physiologist jobs can be found in working alongside personal fitness trainers and exercise science professionals. Hospitals and clinical settings are other venues where exercise physiologist jobs can be acquired. Health clubs, recreation centers and educational institutions also provide places where exercise physiologist jobs can be found. Some exercise physiologists choose to specialize and will work with clients with special needs. Some areas of specialization are chronic illness or disease processes including cardiac or heart rehab, and pulmonary or lung rehab. Another growing field where an exercise physiologist can be utilized is psychosocial problems. Many exercise physiologist professionals even opt to work with amateur or professional athletes to cultivate optimal performance and fitness. Exercise physiologist jobs are often not readily available and easily recognizable. In some instances, extensive research is needed to obtain the position most suited to the individual. In other cases, exercise physiologist jobs can be created through research and presentation of the value of employing such a healthcare professional in a specific setting. For example, a company instituting a new wellness program may be interested in hiring an exercise physiologist to assure fitness goals include specific exercises that may increase productivity in addition to overall health. However difficult positions are to find, the fact remains that the demand for qualified exercise physiologists continues to grow. For example, a new and upcoming career choice for exercise physiologists is equine exercise physiology where the emphasis is on rehabilitation and training of horses. A degree in exercise physiology can lead to many unique career choices and options.
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A physiologist is a specialist in physiology, the study of the functions of living things. An exercise physiologist is an allied health professional specializing in the physiology of exercise. Exercise physiologist jobs can be as unique and creative as an individual’s personality.The job of an exercise physiologist is to implement exercises and monitor the cardiovascular and metabolic effects of the routine necessary for physical rehabilitation. These physiologists evaluate physical abilities and employ exercises to enhance and maintain overall health and conditioning. They also collaborate with other healthcare professionals to identify risks and provide a comprehensive rehabilitation program. Therefore exercise physiologist jobs can be found wherever there is a focus on health, overall wellness, and fitness.Exercise physiologist jobs can be found in working alongside personal fitness trainers and exercise science professionals. Hospitals and clinical settings are other venues where exercise physiologist jobs can be acquired. Health clubs, recreation centers and educational institutions also provide places where exercise physiologist jobs can be found. Some exercise physiologists choose to specialize and will work with clients with special needs. Some areas of specialization are chronic illness or disease processes including cardiac or heart rehab, and pulmonary or lung rehab. Another growing field where an exercise physiologist can be utilized is psychosocial problems. Many exercise physiologist professionals even opt to work with amateur or professional athletes to cultivate optimal performance and fitness. Exercise physiologist jobs are often not readily available and easily recognizable. In some instances, extensive research is needed to obtain the position most suited to the individual. In other cases, exercise physiologist jobs can be created through research and presentation of the value of employing such a healthcare professional in a specific setting. For example, a company instituting a new wellness program may be interested in hiring an exercise physiologist to assure fitness goals include specific exercises that may increase productivity in addition to overall health. However difficult positions are to find, the fact remains that the demand for qualified exercise physiologists continues to grow. For example, a new and upcoming career choice for exercise physiologists is equine exercise physiology where the emphasis is on rehabilitation and training of horses. A degree in exercise physiology can lead to many unique career choices and options.
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What Are the Different Dosimetrist Jobs?
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A dosimetrist is an important member of any medical oncology team, because she is responsible for administering radiation treatments to cancer patients. There are three main dosimetrist jobs in this field: the actual job dealing with radiation, assisting the dosimetrist, and teaching this skill to others. All revolve around providing the patient with excellent care, efficient treatment and hopefully ridding the body of tumors and cancerous agents. The most common of all dosimetrist jobs is being the member of an oncology team that calculates and administers radiological treatment. This job has many responsibilities before, during and after treatment. Before treating a patient, the dosimetrist will review medical history and confer with a physician to determine the area to target and the radiation dosage necessary to administer. During the actual procedure, she prepares the body and shields unaffected areas from the radiation, but also monitors various computer programs to ensure the process is happening smoothly. After the radiation is complete, the dosimetrist must help the patient remove any shields, answer questions about side effects and fill out the proper paperwork in the patient file so doctors can be updated. Another important area of dosimetrist jobs are assistants. A dosimetrist must have a Bachelor's degree and also a great deal of specialized training, but the requirements for an assistant are usually less stringent. The assistant does not deal with calculating treatments, but mainly handles smaller details so the dosimetrist can focus. This can include helping prep the patient, testing equipment to make sure it is operational and handling patient comfort issues. This job is an important component of the oncology unit and larger programs will have several assistants to handle large amounts of patients. One type of dosimetrist job that is removed from the hospital and clinic setting is teaching. The skills needed to properly administer radiation safely and accurately usually require approximately 18 months of specialized training from experts. These courses focus heavily on the mathematical equations used for measuring radiation, courses on the effects and causes of various forms of cancer, and familiarization with the tools and equipment used to administer radiation. These courses are usually taught by experts that spent many years in the field of dosimetry. These dosimetrist jobs are all varied, but each contributes to the success of the others, and, ideally, to the improved health of the patients.
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A dosimetrist is an important member of any medical oncology team, because she is responsible for administering radiation treatments to cancer patients. There are three main dosimetrist jobs in this field: the actual job dealing with radiation, assisting the dosimetrist, and teaching this skill to others. All revolve around providing the patient with excellent care, efficient treatment and hopefully ridding the body of tumors and cancerous agents. The most common of all dosimetrist jobs is being the member of an oncology team that calculates and administers radiological treatment. This job has many responsibilities before, during and after treatment. Before treating a patient, the dosimetrist will review medical history and confer with a physician to determine the area to target and the radiation dosage necessary to administer. During the actual procedure, she prepares the body and shields unaffected areas from the radiation, but also monitors various computer programs to ensure the process is happening smoothly. After the radiation is complete, the dosimetrist must help the patient remove any shields, answer questions about side effects and fill out the proper paperwork in the patient file so doctors can be updated. Another important area of dosimetrist jobs are assistants. A dosimetrist must have a Bachelor's degree and also a great deal of specialized training, but the requirements for an assistant are usually less stringent. The assistant does not deal with calculating treatments, but mainly handles smaller details so the dosimetrist can focus. This can include helping prep the patient, testing equipment to make sure it is operational and handling patient comfort issues. This job is an important component of the oncology unit and larger programs will have several assistants to handle large amounts of patients. One type of dosimetrist job that is removed from the hospital and clinic setting is teaching. The skills needed to properly administer radiation safely and accurately usually require approximately 18 months of specialized training from experts. These courses focus heavily on the mathematical equations used for measuring radiation, courses on the effects and causes of various forms of cancer, and familiarization with the tools and equipment used to administer radiation. These courses are usually taught by experts that spent many years in the field of dosimetry. These dosimetrist jobs are all varied, but each contributes to the success of the others, and, ideally, to the improved health of the patients.
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